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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What fuels will the ABF most commonly work with at naval activities?
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Automotive gasoline (MOGAS) and jet engine (JP) fuels.
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Through distillation, what Is crude oil separated Into?
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Fractions, which are groups of compounds having boiling points within a given range.
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What are these fractions known as?
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Distillate fuels; such as gasoline, kerosene, jet fuels and diesel fuels.
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In what form(s) are petroleum fueIs lighter than water?
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The liquid form.
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In what forms are petroleum fuels heavier than air?
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The vapor form.
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What Is petroleum fuel?
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A liquid containing heat energy that turns into mechanical energy in an engine.
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What Is a liquid composed of a mixture of highly volatile liquid hydrocarbons designed for use In Internal combustion engines?
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MOGAS.
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What Is a numerical measure of the antiknock properties of motor fuel?
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The octane number.
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What Is the octane number of MOGAS?
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Motor.83 Research.91.
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What Is the NATO Code Number of MOGAS?
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F-46.
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What Is the only grade of Jet fuel authorized for fueling aincraft on Navy ships?
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JP.5.
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Why was JP-5 developed?
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To provide a higher flash point (140 degrees F minimum) fuel that could be stored on board more safely
than either gasoline or earlier jet fuels. |
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What happens if JP-5 is mixed with other fuels that have a lower FIash point?
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The liquid becomes unsafe
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What can be used as an acceptable substitute for fuel for use io diesels, gas turbines, and boilers?
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JP.5
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How is JP-4 described?
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As a wide-cut gasoline-type jet fuel having a low flash point typically below 0 degrees F.
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How Is JP-8 described?
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As a kerosene.type jet fuel having a flash point 100 degrees F.
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How is the voIatillty of a petroleum fuel usually measured?
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In terms of vapor pressure and distillation.
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What does the vapor pressure indicate?
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The tendency toward vaporization at specific temperatures.
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What does distillation provide?
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A measure of the extent to which vaporization proceeds at a series of temperatures.
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How is vapor pressure measured in a Reld vapor pressure test bomb?
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One volume of fuel and two volumes of air are contained in the sealed bomb fitted with a pressure gage
and heated to 100 degrees F. shaken, and the pressure read on the gage. |
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What is a petroleum fuel's tendency to vaporize?
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Volatility.
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What is required of any fuel for It to burn or explode?
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A given percentage of air.
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What is an Important factor in the proper operation of lnternal...,combustion piston engines?
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Volatility
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If part of the fuel does not vaporize, how can it damage the engine?
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By washing the lubricant from the engine cylinder walls. which causes rapid wear to the proton rings and
cylinder walls. |
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What military Jet fuels are In use at the present by the Navy?
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JP-4. which has a vapor pressure of 2-3psi. and JP.5. which has no specification for vapor pressure.
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What is the vapor pressure for JP-5 at normal room temperatures and at standard atmospheric pressure?
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Almost O psi.
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What type of fuel does not give off enough vapor 10 explode until It is heated considerably above 100 degrees F?
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JP.5
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Where is JP-4 primarily used?
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By the Air Force.. Army and some Navy shore stations.
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What happens to fuel vapors when released In the air?
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It tends to remain close to the ground.
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What happens if the JP-5 fuel is contaminated with a small amount of gasoline or, more likely JP-4?
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The amount of vapor given off increases to the point where it is in the flammable range at a much lower
temperature. |
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What is the normal storage and handling temperature for the grade JP-4?
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From minus 10 degrees F. to plus 80 degrees F.
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Why does the JP-4 form explosive vapors from this temperature range?
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Because of the range of its vapor pressure.
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What is the term for the ratio of a given volume of fuel to the weight of an equaI volume of distilled
water? |
Specific gravity.
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What may Indicate a change of composition caused by the mixing of different fuels?
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A change of the specific gravity of a fuel.
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What Is the measure of a liquid's resistance to now?
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Viscosity.
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Why Is proper viscosity highly Important for application and performance?
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Since specified minimwn aod maximwn flow rates are required for all fuels and lubricating oils.
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What characteristics do an petroleum fuels possess?
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What characteristics do an petroleum fuels possess?
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Why Is It Important that only hose specially made and designated for gasoline be used?
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Gasolioe also causes serious deterioration of all rubber materials except those synthetic types designed
especially for gasoline service. |
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Why should only specially designated greases and synthetic materials be used for jet engine service?
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Jet engine fuels have certain solvent properties that dissolve greases and cause deterioration of some
rubber materials. |
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What is freezing point of a fuel?
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The temperature at which solid particles begin to form in the fuel.
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Why does the fuel almost always become cloudy before the sold particles form?
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The presence of dissolved water in the fuel coming out of the solulion and freezing.
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What Is the freezing point of JP.5?
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-5 I degrees F.
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What Is lowest temperature at which the fuel vaporizes enough to form a combustible vapor?
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The flash point of a fuel.
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What fuels flash at any normal temperature and are In danger of Ignition at any time they contact a hot surface?
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F-40 (JP-4) and F-34 (JP-8).
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Why must JP-5 have a flash point of at least 140 degrees F?
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To have the high safety faclor required for storage aboard an aircraft carrier in unprotected tanks.
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What, when In large amounts, acts as an anesthetic causing unconsciousness or death?
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Gasoline vapors.
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What Is the recommended amount of concentration of hydrocarbon vapor that can be present before aUowing personnel to work In well-ventliated close spaces?
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500 parts per million by volume.
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Who must you obtain permission from before entering gasoline storage tanks?
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The commanding officer.
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Who must test and certify the tanks are safe for entry?
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The gas-free engineer.
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What course should be studied, by all personnel working with fuels, for Information On the treatment of those overcome or injured when handling fuels?
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The Standard First Aid Training Course NAVEDTRA 12081.
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Who must monitor the ventlilation system where fuels are handled when they are not manned?
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The Aviation Fuels Security Watch.
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What automatically regulates fuel now to compensate for changes In altitude and speed of aircraft?
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The fuel control of a jet engine.
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What is meant by the term bright In reference to aircraft fuels?
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The fuel has a shiny. sparkling appearance.
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What are the major units used to measure the size of contaminants?
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Microns for solids and parts per million (ppm) for water.
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What Is the only means to ensure that the equipment used to remove contaminants from fuel Is performing properly?
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Inspection and sampling procedures.
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What is the most Important factor In preventing the contamination of Aviation fuels?
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The awareness of the personnel handling the fuel.
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What is the maximum allowable fuel cootamination for It to be acceptable for delivery to aircraft?
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5ppm free water and 2mglliter particulate contamination.
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When Is a fuel considered clean?
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Wlten there is the absence of any cloud. emulsion. visible sediment. or free WIter.
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What Is meant by free water?
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All water present in the fuel not dissolved by the fuel.
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What is dissolved water?
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Water absorbed in the fuel and is not visible.
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What helps microorganisms to flourish by emulsifying fuel and water?
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Surfactants.
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What is a substance that causes a marked reduction in the Interfacial tension of liquids?
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A surface active agent.
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What substance in fuel causes the fuel and water to mix more easily and become much harder to separate?
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A surtactant.
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What surfactants usually appear In jet fuels?
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Naturally occurring materials in the crude oil or as residual refinery)' treating materials.
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How can surfactants in Jet fuel be a major problem?
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These materials accumulate and concentrate in the coalescer elements of filter/separators, destroying the
ability of the elements to coalescer and remove water from the fuel. |
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Who should be notified If fuel is contaminated on receipt?
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The Cognizant Military)lnspection Service and Navy Fuel Supply Office.
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What is the only way to remove biological growth from a contaminated fuel system?
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Thoroughly clean the system.
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What can cause erroneous readings on the aircraft's fuel quantity gages?
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Water in the fuel.
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What usually appears as brown, black or gray color and has a stringy, fibrous like appearance?
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Microbiological growth.
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What reacts chemically with certain matter contained within the fuel to penetrate paint coatings?
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Organic acids or other by.products produced by the growth of fungi or bacteria.
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What Is known as the inadvertent mixing of two or more different fuels?
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Commingling.
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How can hydrocarbon products that have been mixed by commingling be separated?
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They cannot be separated.
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Why is fuel that has been contaminated by commingling with another petroleum product extremely dangerous?
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Because there is no apparent visual or odor change.
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What Is the usual cause of contamination by commingling?
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Carelessness or a misunderstanding of the operations of a fuel system.
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When can JP-5, contaminated with other let fuels or gasoline, be stored ahoard aircraft carriers?
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When a laboratory)' test indicates that the flash point is within the allowable limits of the specifications.
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What should be done to ensure that fueling equipment Is working properly and Is being operated properly?
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Samples of the fuel must be taken at several points and after each step in the operation.
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What Is known as a small part of a qnantity of a fuel representative of the quality or condition of the total quantity of that fuel?
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A sample of that fuel.
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What are the four most common samples?
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Composite. all.levels. line and representative.
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What type of samples is a blend of samples taken from the upper, middle and lower leveels of a tank's contents?
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A single tank composite sample.
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What is a multiple tank composIte sample?
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A blend of individual all- levels samples from each of the tanks that contain the same type of product
being sampled. |
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What Is an a1I levels sample?
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One obtained by submerging a closed sampler to a point as near as possible to the draw level, then
opening the sampler and raising it at such a rate that it is nearly full as it emerges from the liquid. |
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What Is a line sample?
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One taken from a pipeline or hose at or near the discharge point before commencing delivery)' or during
the first few minutes of pumping. |
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Which sample is taken to give an initial visual identification of the fuel?
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Line sample.
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What type of sample Is used for packaged stocks of fuel?
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Representative sample.
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What may be selected as a representative of the entire stock?
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One container from a large stock of packaged fuel when all are of the same age and grade.
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What can cause laboratory results to be meaningless or, worse, misleading?
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improper containers of poorly drawn samples or incorrectly identified samples.
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What should be done to a container before a sample Is taken?
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The clean container should be rinsed and flushed three times with the fuel being sampled.
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Where should a sample be taken to test a fixed filter/separator?
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At the filter discharge.
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Where should a sample be taken of fuel being delivered to an aircraft?
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From the fueling nozzle and dnring actual fueling operations.
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How should a sample container be capped?
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Promptly. with an approved cap.
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To prevent leakage due to Increased pressure caused by thermal expansion, to what capacity can a container be filled?
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90%
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When should a nozzle sample be taken?
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From the overwing nozzle dnring or immediately after the fueling of an aircraft.
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What is the minimum size sample container for taking samples of fuel?
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One.quart.
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For what test is the quart size snflicient?
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Sediment, water and flask and point tests only.
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What size container should be used for other types of tests?
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One gallon.
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What type of container most always be used for sediment and water tests?
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Glass with a nonmetallic top.
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What Is necessary In order for tests results to be correlated with the samples submitted?
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Proper identification and accurate records.
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How are samples classified?
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As either Routine or Special.
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When are routine samples taken?
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When no fuel problems or aircraft problems attributable to fuel are known or suspected.
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When are special samples submitted for tests?
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When the quality of the fuel is suspected, either as the result of aircraft malfunctions or other
information. |
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What samples should have the highest priority In handling, testing, and reporting?
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Special samples.
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What size container should be used for drawing a visual sample?
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At least one quart in size, round, and made of clear glass.
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How may samples In amounts up to 10 gallons be shipped?
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Via Railway Express.
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When may gallon samples of fuel be shipped via military aircraft?
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When packed according to NAVAIR 15-03-500 (USAF AMF71-4).
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What Is the first cheek you make when visually Inspecting a sample of fuel?
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The color of the fuel.
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