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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Qualitative analysis |
Finding out what is in a compound. |
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Quantitative analysis |
Finding out how much of a substance is in a compound. |
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Flame test |
Dip a clean wire loop into the metal and then put it in the blue part of the flame. If you use a powdered solid, you can dip the loop in hydrochloric acid first to moisten it. |
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Flame test |
Calcium-red Lithium-brick red Barium-green Potassium-lilac Sodium-yellow Copper-blue |
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Cation test |
Add sodium hydroxide to a cation to create a coloured precipitate. |
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Cation test |
White-calcium White then dissolves-aluminium Copper-blue Iron(Fe2)-Green Iron(Fe3)-Brown |
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Testing for ammonia |
Add sodium hydroxide and then heat. Hold damp red litmus paper over the gas and if it turns blue, ammonia is present. |
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Anion test (halogens) |
Add dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate to create a coloured precipitate. |
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Anion test (halogens) |
Chlorine-white Bromine-cream Iodine-yellow |
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Testing for carbonates |
Add a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid to the compound.Then pipe the gas produced through lime water. If it turns cloudy, carbonate ions are present. |
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Testing for sulphates |
Add dilute hydrochloric acid and barium chloride solution. If a white precipitate forms, sulphate ions are present. |
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Testing for chloride ions |
Add dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate solution. Chloride ions are present if a white precipitate forms. |
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Water testing |
We test for magnesium,calcium,sodium and carbonate ions to make sure waters safe to drink. It's monitored to make sure there are no chloride or bromide ions present and it's not too hard. |
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Halogens and aluminium linked to... |
Alzheimer's disease. |
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Blood testing |
Scientists also use this to test for compounds in the blood. |
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cm3 to dm3 |
divide by 1000 |
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ml to l-1 |
divide by 1000 |
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m3 to dm3 |
Multiply by 1000 |
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Concentration=mass/volume |
Mass -g Volume- dm3 Concentration-g/dm3 |
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Soft water |
Contains less than 35mg/dm3 of ca2+,mg2+ nd other minor constitutions. Forms a lather |
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Hard water |
Contains more than 70mg/dm3 of Ca2+, Mg2+ and other minor constitutions. Forms scum |
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Temporary hard water |
Contains magnesium and calcium hydrogen carbonates |
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Permanent hard water |
Contains magnesium and calcium sulphates. |
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Temporary hard water can be softened with heat |
Calcium hydrogen carbonate +heat forms insoluble CaCO3 (limescale). Removing this softens the water. |
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How is scum formed? |
Calcium ions from water react with stearate ions to make calcium stearate which is insoluble. This is scum. |
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Removing permanent hardness with washing soda (Na2CO3) |
Sodium carbonate is soluble but magnesium and calcium carbonate aren't. Carbonate ions react with calcium and magnesium ions to form insoluble precipitates, removing hardness. |
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Equation with washing soda |
Na2CO3+Ca--->CaCO3+2Na |
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Softening water with an ion exchange resin. |
An ion exchanger is in filters and contains beads of negtive ion exchange resin coated in positive sodium ions+1. When hard water is run through the column, calcium 2+ and magnesium 2+ ions are attracted to the ion exchange resin and due to their greater charge, they displace sodium ions.Sodium dissolves in the water and doesn't contribute to water hardness. |
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What happens when there are no more sodium ions to displace? |
The ion exchange beads are depleted and need to be replaced as they can no longer attract calcium and magnesium ions. |
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Problems with hard water |
It doesn't easily lather with soap It forms soap scum, so soap is wasted |
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How do you find the mass of a solute in a solution? |
Evaporate the solution |
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What effect does calcium have on health? |
Strong teeth and bones |
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What effect does copper have on health?
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Growth |
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What effect does potassium have on health?
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Healthy heart and blood pressure |
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What effect does sodium have on health?
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Sending electrical signals along nerves |
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What effect do chlorides have on health?
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Fluid balance |
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What effect do iodides have on health?
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Healthy thyroid |
