Qual Reseach Exam 1

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social research paradigm

Back 1

a perspective; not a "right" or "wrong" paradigm

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who argued sociology is a science

Back 2

thomas kuhn

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studying head shapes in the 1800s bc believed it influenced the brain was called what?

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phrenology

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what is positivism research?

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focus making scientific; goal is to measure

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positives of positivism research?
negatives?

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+numerical

-how well can measure abstract things? black & white

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what is naturalism research?

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studying people in their natural habitat

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positives of naturalism research?
negatives?

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+more accurate; has rich data

-time consuming; hawthorne effect

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what is social constructivism research?

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reconstructing reality to understand

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positives of social constructivism research?
negatives?

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+acknowledges change over time

-interpreting things?

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what is critical/feminist research?

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power of an inequal group

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positives of critical/feminist research?
negatives?

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+new perspectives

-biased; limited

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what is postmodernism research?

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focus on the complexity of society

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positives of postmodernism research?
negatives?

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+inclusive; gets to grey areas

-how conclude with so much info?

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quantitative research is-

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empirical data; relationships/variables; makes generalizations by watching patterns, trends, change

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3 common sampling ways in quantitative research:

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-simple random
-systematic
-stratified random

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types of quantitative research methods

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-experiments
-surveys
-secondary data

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surveys in quant. methods are

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"nomethetic" has breadth over depth

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strengths of quant. research

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-can give stats/numbers
-reliability
-can generalize

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weaknesses of quant. research

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-validity (measuring what we think we are measuring?)

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quaLitative research is-

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focused on in-depth over breadth (called ideographic)

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convenience of quaL. samples

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-smaller
-convenient
-purposeful
-snowball effect
-trying to reach quota

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methods in quaL. research-

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-in-depth interview
-focus groups
-observation & ethnography
-content analysis

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who said everything is either a 1 or a 0 in quaL. methods

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kerlinger

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appropriate quaL. research question

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-unbiased
-"so what?" why would sociologists care
-looking at question in a nonjudgemental scientific way

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historical ethics case in Nazi Germany

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-tested on jews; broke law that participants should be voluntary

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nazi germany led to rise of?

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AMA code of ethics 1966

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historical ethics case- tyskegee syphilis study

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1932-1972
-studied low-income blacks w/ syphilis for 40 years, said was giving free medicine to treat them in exchange but was not

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recent ethics case- harvard & yale "report card"

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looking at how schools were connected w/ large companies (ex. drug companies supporting school medical programs to promote their drug-causing conflict of interest)

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most ethical models are based on-

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medical research

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protected classes from being research participants

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-prisoners
-pregnant women
-children
-mentally & physically handicapped

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using someone that you know as a research participant is-

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conflict of interest

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power relations between researchers & participants

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researchers have power over participant by:
-holding confidentiality of identity
-having credibility to get pll to participate
-we interpret the research we collect

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the sociological imagination

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a way of looking at the world that allows the bearer to recognize how the social affects the personal, how history affects biography

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defining sociology

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-society
-culture
-norms/values
-groups
-stratification

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goals of sociologists?

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-stratification
-interaction
-inequality
-impact contributors
-institutions
-patterns

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what is social research?

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science --a specific & systematic way of understanding how social realities arise, operate, and impact individuals & groups of individuals

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how social research is different from other sciences?

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-cant put society in a lab
-difficulties in measuring qual/quant research

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deductive vs. inductive research

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deductive- start with question
inductive- start with research; look at patterns in data

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how does social research relate to the sociological imagination?

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acknowledging that there are numerous forces working on us outside of ourselves

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the point of social research in relations to the sociological imagination?

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we must be able to link personal troubles to public issues

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3 basic parts of social research

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1) theory/ontology (framework
2) epistemology (questions)
3) methodology (analysis)

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why conduct social research?

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-persuade people
-explain patterns
-predict future
-change

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3 major types of social research

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1) basic or academic
2) applied (organization)
3) activist/public

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scientific misconduct

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fixing the numbers, saying there's correlations when there's not, etc.

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issues of harm in social research

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-physical
-social
-emotional/psychological
-legal
-financial

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institutional review board (IRB)

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made ethical rules/guidelines; someone outside (usually in the community) judges a study to see if it's ethical

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IRB consent forms remind participants-

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-voluntary
-risks
-what research is about
-how confidentiality is handled
-participant can end at any time

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ethical problems with paying participants

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-are they relying on the money for financial reasons?
-can they say no? (because the $)
-how much $ is too much?

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laud humphrey's tearoom trade

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studied male-male sexual encounters in bathrooms, then tracked addresses by license plate numbers & interviewed them at home

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ethic issues with humphrey's tearoom trade study?

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-did not get subjects consent
-acted under false pretense

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a literature review is-

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a review of peer-reviewed journal articles that cover what other researchers have found about your research topic and research question.

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main goal to a literature review is-

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ORGANIZE and INTEGRATE the material and present it in a clear way

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a good literature review discusses previous research and-

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-its major findings
-its conceptualization of your topic
-its use of soci. theories
-disagreements that exist
-shortcomings that exist

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major parts of research papers

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-intro
-literature review
-methodology
-discussion
-conclusion

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parts of the proposal of a research paper

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-intro (question, so what)
-lit review (maj. findings)
-methodology (how will you answer q?)

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quaL. vs quanT. research

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qual is depth/breadth
quant is breadth/depth