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community

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an assemblage of species living close enough together for potential interactions

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species richness

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the numbers of species they contain

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relative abundance

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numbers of individuals within in species

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species diversity

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considers both components of diversity: species richness and relative abundance

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individualistic hypothesis

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first enunciated by H.A. Gleason, depicted the community as a change assemblage of species found in the same area simply because they happen to have similar abiotic requirements such as temperature, rainfall, and soil type

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interactive hypothesis

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advocated by F.E. Clements, saw the community as an assemblage of closely linked species locked into association by mandatory biotic interactions that cause the community function as an integrated unit

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coevolution

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interactions involving reciprocal evolutionary adaptations in two species

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predation

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predator eats prey

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parasitism

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specialized kinds of predators called parasites that live on or in their hosts

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parasitoidism

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insects, especially small wasps, lay eggs on living hosts

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herbivory

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a form of predation in which animals eat plants

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cryptic coloration

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passive defense tha tmakes potential prey difficult to spot against its background

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aposematic coloration

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a warning to predators signalling effective chemical defenses in bright colors

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mimicry

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a phenomenon in which the mimic bears a superficial resemblance to another species

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batesian mimicry

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a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model

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mullerian mimicry

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two or more unpalatable, aposematically colored species resemble each other

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parasite

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derives its nourishment from another organism

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host

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harmed or loses some energy by the parasite

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endoparasites

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organisms that live within their hosts such as tapeworms and malarial parasites

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ectoparasites

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organisms that feed on teh external surface of a host like mosquitoes and aphids

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interspecific competition

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occurs when populations of two or more species in a community rely on similar limiting resources

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interference competition

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competition in which actual fighting over resources occurs

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exploitative competition

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the comsumption or use of similar resources under competition

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competitive exclusion principle

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concept supporting that two species with similar needs for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place

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ecological niche

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the sum total of the organism's use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment

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fundamental niche

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the set of resources a population is theoretically capable of using under ideal circumstances

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realized niche

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the resources a population actually uses

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resource partitioning

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patterns in which sympatric species consume slightly different foods or use other resources in slightly different ways

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character displacement

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the tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species

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symbiosis

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a term that encompasses a variety of interactions in which two species, a host and its symbiont, maintain a close association

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symbiosis

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a term that encompasses a variety of interactions in which two species, a host and its symbiont, maintain a close association

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commensalism

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one partner benefits without significantly affecting the other

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mutualism

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both partners benefit from the relationship

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stability

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the tendency of a community to reach and maintain an equilibrium or relatively constant condition in the face of disturbance

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exotic species

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introduced species outcompeting native community members and altering community structure

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disturbances

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events such as storms, fire, floods, droughts, overgrazing, or human activities that damage communities, remove organisms, and alter resource availability

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ecological succession

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a succession of other species or recolonization in community composition an dstructure after some disturbance

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primary succession

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the process beginning in a virtually lifeless area where soil has not yet formed

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secondary succession

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occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact

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recruitment

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major changes in community structure in colonization of disturbed patches

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dynamic equilibrium hypothesis

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species diversity depends mainly on the effect of disturbance on the competitive interactions of populations

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intermediate disturbance hypothesis

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species diversity is greatest where disturbances are moderate in both frequency and severity

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biogeography

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the study of the past and present distribution of individual species and entire communities