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behavior

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reaction to some stimulus in both nonmotor and motor ways

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ethology

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research field studying to understand how a variety of animals behave in their natural habitats

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fixed action patter (FAP)

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a sequence of behavioral acts that is essentially unchangeable and usually carried to completion once initiated

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sign stimulus

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an external sensory stimulus triggering FAP

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behavioral ecology

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the research approach based on the expectation that animals increase their Darwinian fitness by optimal behavior

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search image

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a set of key characteristics that will lead it to the desired object

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optimal foraging

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the concept that natural selection will favor animals that choose foraging strategies that maximize the differential between benefits and costs

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learning

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the modification of behavior resulting from specific experiences

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maturation

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ongoing developmental changes in neuromuscular systems

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habituation

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a very simple type of learning that involves a loss of repsonsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information

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imprinting

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learning that is limited to a specific time period in an animal's life and that is generally irreversible

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critical period

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a limited phase in an individual animal's development when learning of particular behaviors can take place

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associative larning

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the ability of many animals to learn to associate one stimulus with another

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classical conditioning

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learning to associate an arbitrary stimulus with a reward or punishment

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operant conditioning

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trial-and-error learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its own behaviors with a reward or punishment and then tends to repeat or avoid that behavior

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play

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behavior that has no apparent external goal but involves movements closely associated with goal-directed behaviors

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cognition

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the ability of an animal's nervous system to perceive, store, process, and use informaiton gathered by sensory receptors

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cognitive ethology

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the study of animal cognition that attempts to illustrate the connection between data processing by nervous systems and animal behavior

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cognitive maps

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internal representations or codes of teh spatial relationships among objects in their surroundings

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kinesis

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a simple change in activity rate in response to a stimulus

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taxis

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oriented movement toward or away from some stimulus

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migration

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regular movement over relatively long distances

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social behavior

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any kind of interaction between two or more animals, usually of the same species

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sociobiology

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applies evolutionary theory as a foundation for the stody and interpretation of social behavior

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agonistic behavior

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a contest involving both threatening and submissive behavior to determine which competitor will gain access to some resource, such as food or mate

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ritual

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the use of symbolic activity so that usually no serious harm is done to either combatant

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dominance hierarchy

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hierarchy in which the top-ranked is assured of access to resrouces such as food

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territory

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an area that an individual defends usually excluding other members of its own species

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parental investment

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the time and resources an individual must expend to produce offspring

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lek

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small area in which male bird and insect species display communally

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promiscuous

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mating with no strong pair-bonds or lasting relationships

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monogamous

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one male mating with one female

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polygamous

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an individual of one sex mating with several of the other

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polygyny

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polygamous relationships involving a single male and many females

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polyandry

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polygamous relationships involving a single female with several males

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pheromones

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chemical signals used by animals that communicate by odors

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altruism

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animals behave in ways tha treduce their individual fitness and increase the fitness of the recipient of the behavior

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inclusive fitness

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describes the total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by providing aid that enables other close relatives to increase the production of their offspring

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coefficient of relatedness

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the proportion of genes that are identical in two individuals because of common ancestors

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kin selection

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mechanism of increasing inclusive fitness