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ecology

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the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environments

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abiotic components

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nonliving chemical and physical factors such as temperature, light, water, and nutrients

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biotic components

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living and all the other organisms that are part of any individual's environment

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organismal ecology

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concerned with teh behavioral, physiological, and morphological ways in which individual organisms meet the challenges posed by their abiotic environment

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population

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a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular geographic area

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community

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consists of all the organisms that inhabit a particular area

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ecosystem

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all the abiotic factors in addition to the community of species that exists in a certain area

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biosphere

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global ecosystem

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climate

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temperature, water, light, and wind

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biome

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major types of ecosystems

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tropics

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lie between 23.5 north latitude and 23.5 south latitude and experience the greatest annual input and the least seasonal variation in solar radiation

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turnover

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brings oxygenated water from teh surface of lakes to the bottom and nutrient rich water from the bottom to the surface in both spring and autumn

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photic zone

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sufficient light for photosynthesis

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aphotic zone

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little light penetrates

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thermocline

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separates a more uniformly warm upper layer from more uniformly cold deeper waters

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benthic zone

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made up of sand and organic and inorganic sediments

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benthos

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communities of organisms living in benthic zone

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detritus

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major source of food for the benthos

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littoral zone

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shallow, well-lit waters close to shore

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limnetic zone

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occupied by a variety of phytoplankton consisting of algae and cyanobacteria

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profundal zone

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deep aphotic region

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oligotrophic

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deep, nutrient-poor, and the phytoplankton in the limnetic zones are not very productive

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eutrophic

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shallower and the nutrient content of their water is high

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mesotrophic

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between the oligotrophic and eutrophic extremes are lakes with a moderate amount of nutrients and phytoplankton productivity

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wetland

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area covered with water that supports aquatic plants

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estuary

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the area where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean

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intertidal zone

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the zone where land meets water

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neritic zone

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the shallow regions over the continental shelves

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oceanic zone

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past the continental shelf reaching very great depthcs

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pelagic zone

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open water of any depth

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benthic zone

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the bottom of seafllor

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coral reefs

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a conspicuous and distinctive biome in warm tropical waters

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oceanic pelagic biome

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constantly mixed by ocean currents lying far from shore

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abyssal zone

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deep benthic zone

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regulators

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use behavioral and physiological mechanisms to achieve homeostasis in the face of environmental fluctuations in temperature, moisture, light intensity, and concentrations of a variety of chemical factors

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conformers

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aloow some conditions within their bodies to vary with external changes

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principle of allocation

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each organism has a limited amount of energy that can be allocated for obtaining nutrients, escaping from predators, coping with environmental fluctuations (maintaining homeostasis), growth, and reproduction