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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do microtubular motor proteins kinesin and dynein function in axonal transport?
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Kinesin is for anterograde movement toward the axon terminal. Dynein is for retrograde movement toward the nucleus. They both use ATP
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What is the neuron RER called?
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Nissl substance
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What do hydrocoele and direct inguinal hernia have in common?
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They both result from failure of obliteration of the processus vaginalis. Hydrocoele results if the opening is small (fluid only - translumination). Hernia is from a larger defect where abdominal organs can herniate.
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What is a direct inguinal hernia?
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Protrusion of abdominal contents through Hesselbach's triangle on the anterior abdominal wall
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What is acute orchitis and what organisms cause it?
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Testicular inflammation from C. thrachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae in young people. E. coli in older patients
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What causes testicular torsion?
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Trauma or "bell clapper deformity" (congenital horizontal position of testis)
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What causes hypospadias?
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Incomplete closure of urethral folds resulting in inferior (ventral) opening
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What is the innervation, origin, insertion, and action of the SCM?
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Spinal accessory (XI) n., medial clavicle/manubrium, mastoid process, turns head to opposite side
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What causes a "winged scapula"?
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Long thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7) injury which denervates the serratus anterior
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What is PTSD?
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Reliving traumatic event as nightmares and flashbacks. Avoidance of reminders. Social detachment, lack of concentration with 4+ weeks duration
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What is acute stress disorder?
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PTSD for 2d-4weeks
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What is selective IgA deficiency?
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Predisposition to sinopulmonary and GI infections (no secretory IgA). Otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia from encapsulated (H. flu or S. pneumo). GI diarrhea from viral, bacterial, Giardia. Make anti-IgA IgG antibodies so make sure blood transfusate doesn't have IgA
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How does imprinting work?
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Enzymes like S-adenosyl-methionine transfer methyl groups to cytosine residues to carry out DNA methylation to silence gene expression without affecting the sequence
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How does morphine tolerance work in the brain?
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Glutamate (excitatory) binds NMDA receptors which phosphorylates opioid receptors and increased NO levels,
inducing tolerance |
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What is the mechanism of action of ketamine?
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NMDA receptor antagonist
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How much energy is in protein, carbs, lipids?
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4 cal/g = protein, carbs
9 cal/g = lipids |
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What is the inheritance, enzyme deficiency, and compound accumulated in metachromatic leukodystrophy?
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AR, arylsulfatase A, sulfatides in tissues
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What is the inheritance, enzyme deficiency, and compound accumulated in Tay-Sachs?
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AR, beta-hexosaminidase A, GM2 ganglioside in neurons
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What is the inheritance, enzyme deficiency, and compound accumulated in Fabry disease?
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X-linked recessive, alpha-galactosidase A, ceramide trihexoside in tissues
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What is the inheritance, enzyme deficiency, and compound accumulated in Niemann-Pick?
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AR, sphingomyelinase, sphingomyelin
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What 2 diseases cause a cherry-red macular spot?
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Tay Sachs and Niemann-Pick
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What is the translocation in PML (promyelocytic leukemia)?
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t(15:17), PML-retionic acid receptor fusion. Treat with ATRA (all trans retinoic acid)
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What cancers are associated with abberant epidermal growth factor receptors?
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NSC lung cancer (erbB1), breast cancer (erbB2 aka Her2/neu), and ovarian and gastric tumors
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What does an ASD sound like on auscultation?
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Wide, fixed split of S2 because increased pressure in right heart delays pulmonic closure (P2)
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What are some anomalies associated with polyhydramnios?
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duodenal, esophageal, intestinal atresia, anencephaly (impaired swallowing). high CO from anemia, twin-twin transfusion syndrome (increased fetal urination)
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What structure makes up the anterior surface of the heart as it sits in the body?
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Right ventricle
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What vertebral level does the IVC pass through the diaphragm?
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T8
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Why would a stab would to the left sternal border at the 4th intercostal space not hit the lung?
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Because there's no left middle lobe and the heart displaces the lung. the right ventricle would get hit tho (think auscultation of tricuspid)
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What is a correlation coefficient of -1, 0, and 1?
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-1 = slope of -1, linear
1 = slope of 1, linear 0 = random distribution of dots |
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What are symtoms of psychogenic ED?
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Nocturnal erections indicating normal nerve and vascular functioning. Sudden onset of ED
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What common meds cause ED?
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SSRI's and sympathetic blockers (clonidine, methyldopa, beta-blockers). ACE inhibitors and statins do not
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What kind of surgery could cause ED?
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Prostatectomy, not vasectomy
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What do direct factor Xa inhibitors do?
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They prolong aPTT and PT but not the TT (indraparinux, e.g.)
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How do COX inhibitors affect coagulation?
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Platelet inhibition (primary hemostasis) but no effect on PT, aPTT, or TT
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How does heparin work?
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binds antithrombin III and increases its ability to bind Xa. It prolongs the aPTT and the TT because the complex also binds thrombin
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How does tumor lysis syndrome affect the kidneys and what is the treatment?
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TLS releases potassium and uric acid into serum. Uric acid deposits in collecting ducts due to acidic pH. Treat with urine alkalinization and hydration
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Describe the histology of the bronchi
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Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells, submucosal glands, and cartilage
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Describe the histology of the bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, and respiratory bronchioles
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They lack goblet cells, glands, and cartilage. These regions are ciliated still and are simple cuboidal
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What is the function of ascorbic acid?
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This is vit. C and is a cofactor for hydroxylation of proline in collagen synthesis (scurvey prevention)
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What is orotic aciduria?
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Disorder of pyrimidine metabolism. Manifests as hypochromic megaloblastic anemia, neuro anomalies, growth retardation and orotic aciduria. Treat with uridine supplementation for negative feedback inhibition of orotic acid production
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What are Birbeck granules?
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Tennis-raquet shaped cytoplasmic inclusions that are characteristic of Langerhan cells (dendritic cells)
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What is the origin of melanocytes?
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Neural crest cells that migrate to the basal layer of the epidermis during embryogenesis
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