Q3 Microbiology Bacteria Weeks 1-2

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1 Clostridium botulinum

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cause: food poisoning; found in honey- do NOT give to infants (can cause paralysis/death). 1. Produce exotoxin: very rapid, don’t need bacteria to replicate- toxin is in the body! bacteria not infecting, toxin has been secreted

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2 Clostridium tetani:

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anaerobic, gram+: tetanus; slowly destroy nerves

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3 Clostridium perfringens:

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gas gangrene; anaerobic, secretes in front which causes tissue to die, bacteria feeds off of dead tissue, replicates, and secretes more hyaluronidase; : gas gangrene; secretes in front which causes tissue to die, bacteria feeds off of dead tissue, replicates, and secretes more hyaluronidase.

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eukaryote

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many organelles, including nucleus

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prokaryote

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organelles include ribosomes; DNA is free within cytoplasm (nucleoid); cell wall present (protects against osmotic changes)

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virus

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obligate intracellular parasite- invades a cell to utilize resources and then replicates; contains nucleic acid

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Cell wall- layers of peptidoglycan chains:

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N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuratic acid (NAM)
Very rigid structure (brick wall); very porous, doesn’t regulate anything NAM-NAG-NAM-NAG-NAM-NAG (NAM <-> NAM)

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Gram +

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Thick cell wall
Teichoic acid- gives bacteria (-) charge for attachment to (+) charge

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Gram - (mostly live in gut)

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Thin cell wall
Lipopolysaccharide membrane (LPS)- gives bacteria (-) charge for attachment to (+) charge; lipid bilayer for transport
Toxic shock more likely


Escherichia coli
31 Salmonella typhi
Bordetella pertussis- whooping cough

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4 Staphylococcus aureus:

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nosocomial; boils, toxic shock, food poisoning;
Not limited to any organ; MRSA (methicillin resistant staph aureus); skin normal flora; receptor forces antibody to bind upside down, making it useless; nosocomial (hospital caused)

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5 Streptococcus pyogenes:

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gram +: boils, strep throat, extra toxin leads to necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating bacteria); throat- competes with other bacteria, hard to spread. Makes enzyme hyaluronidase (collagenase); opens up gap junctions between cells so it can invade and replicate; sore throat is from tissue damage; can cause necrotizing faschiitis

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Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP):

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structure on pathogen is recognized by host
Includes LPS (endotoxin), teichoic acid, peptidoglycan
Macrophages have receptors for these
Once bacteria are recognized and killed, bacteria debris (LPS) travels throughout body → too strong of an immune response can lead to TOXIC SHOCK (vasodilation occurring all over body)!

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Penicillin (drug):

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BLOCKS formation of crosslinks; need a growing bacteria for this to be effective

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Endotoxins (synonymous with which term)?

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LPS

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Exotoxins-

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released by bacteria to control environment; benefit to bacteria

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Toxic Shock: how do gram - or + bacteria cause this?

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Gram -: any bacteria can lead to this!
Gram +: do not typically lead to toxic shock; few exceptions: Strep & Staph= release exotoxin that leads to toxic shock (massive immune inducer); tampons

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capsule

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polysaccharide layer/coat; slimy, sugar layer; for PROTECTION- allows for hiding, increases size, attaches to surface, prevents drying

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Biofilm

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Streptococcus mutans- slimy layer on teeth in morning
Streptococcus pneumonia- pneumonia, meningitis; capsule is key for attachment/hiding
Bordetella pertussis- 100% NON-pathogenic IF capsule is removed
Devices: catheters, joint/valve replacements, contact lenses- great sources for biofilms

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6 Streptococcus mutans

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slimy layer on teeth in morning

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7 Streptococcus pneumonia

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pneumonia, meningitis; capsule is key for attachment/hiding

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8 Bordetella pertussis-

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whooping cough; 100% NON-pathogenic IF capsule is removed; colonize in throat; toxins released will lead to increased mucous production, decreased ciliary activity

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9 Mycobacterium

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(‘acid fast’); for protection/hiding; can’t get nutrients very well- only divide every 20 days

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Form endospores:

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seed (bacterium goes dormant)
1 bacterium dies → 1 endospore → 1 bacterium
Resistant to UV, drying, heat, chemicals, starvation
Form when conditions change (are no longer ideal

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10 Clostridium difficle:

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part of normal flora; fecal (foul-smelling)/oral; pseudomembrane in intestine

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11 Clostridium botulinum:

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food poisoning; found in honey- do NOT give to infants (can cause paralysis/death)

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12 clostridium dificile

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anaerobic, Clostridium difficle: part of normal flora; fecal (foul-smelling)/oral; pseudomembrane in intestine

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bacillis anthracis

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anaerobic, anthrax; mostly affects livestock and then spreads to humans; important in bioterrorism- easy to weaponize (also Small pox used for this)

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14 Bacillus cereus

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aerobic, causes food poisoning (GI issues, abdominal pain, diarrhea); Commonly found in rice (Chinese buffets!). Commonly found in rice (Chinese buffets!)

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15 Neisseria gonorrhea:

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colonizes urethra; if no pili, cannot attach→ non-pathogenic; if pili→pathogenic
Flagella: several protein projecting outward; gives bacteria mobility

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16 Helicobacter pylori

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stomach ulcers; only bacteria that likes to live in stomach; use flagella as a drill to get to cell layer to replicate

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17 Corynebacterium diptheria:

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"tropical" bacteria; dyptheria; becomes a problem in throat (“bull’s neck”)

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18 Staphylococcus epidermis

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skin normal flora "desert" - skin; can become a problem when it gets on catheters

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19 Proprionobacterium acnes:

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skin normal flora ("desert"); causes acne; anaerobic; if it gets into a pore, and gets covered with wax, oil, dirt→ immune system causes inflammation→ forms a pimple

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20 Porphyromonas gingivalis:

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oral normal flora, causes gingivitis

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21 Neisseria meningitis:

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normal oral flora; meningitis (especially in young adults ~20 years)

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22 Hoemophilus influenza:

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normal oral flora; meningitis (especially in young children)

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23 Bacteroides fragilities:

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intestinal normal flora; causes 90% of peritoneal infections; occupies space, provides vitamins (B12!!), aids digestion

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24 Bifidobacterium:

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intestinal normal flora; blocks candida infections

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25 Lactobacillus acidiphilus:

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Lactobacillus acidiphilus: yogurt; intestinal normal flora; urogenital tract- occupy space, decrease pH (thus, other bacteria won’t survive here)

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26 Clostridium difficle:

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intestinal normal flora; diarrhea if not kept under control

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27 Escherichia coli:

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intestinal normal flora; traveler’s diarrhea- different E. coli can cause problems if you’re not used to it
Urogenital Normal Flora

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28 Lactobacillus acidophilus: \

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decrease pH, blocks candida; side effect of antibiotic use → yeast infections

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commensalistic relationship

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one benefits, one is unharmed; ex: bacteria living on your skin

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parasitic relationship

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one benefits, one is harmed

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Invasiveness

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5 Streptococcus pyogenes: throat- competes with other bacteria, hard to spread
Makes enzyme hyaluronidase (collagenase); opens up gap junctions between cells so it can invade and replicate; sore throat is from tissue damage; can cause necrotizing faschiitis
3 Clostridium perfringens: gas gangrene; secretes in front which causes tissue to die, bacteria feeds off of dead tissue, replicates, and secretes more hyaluronidase.

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antigenic evasion

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1. Antigenic Phase variation: the antigen changes as the bacteria replicates
Antibodies won’t recognize it. Takes 2 weeks for body to respond, by this time, antigen will already have changed.
29 Borrelia burgdorferi: Lyme disease (tick borne); fatigue, muscle pain, arthritis, neurological; often misdiagnosed- need to test at the right time in the cycle; slow-growing bacteria; treatment: antibiotics, botanical therapy

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29 Borrelia burgdorferi

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(evasion) Lyme disease (tick borne); fatigue, muscle pain, arthritis, neurological; often misdiagnosed- need to test at the right time in the cycle; slow-growing bacteria; treatment: antibiotics, botanical therapy

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30 Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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colonizes urethra; if no pili, cannot attach→ non-pathogenic; if pili→pathogenic
Flagella: several protein projecting outward; gives bacteria mobility

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Course of Infection

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1. Incubation- time from infection to symptoms (usually days, can be minutes up to years)
2. Illness- have symptoms
a. Acute- rapid onset, short duration (flu, strep throat)
b. Chronic- slow to develop symptoms, long-term (tuberculosis)
c. Latent- periods of dormancy (Borrelia burgdorferi- lyme disease)
3. Convalescence- recovery; strep throat (throat is sore from tissue damage).
patient may still be a carrier- recovered, but bacteria/virus is still inside (Salmonella typhi: typhoid fever)

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31 Salmonella typhi:

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typhoid fever, gram negative

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32 Vibrio cholera

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32 Vibrio cholera: diarrhea (up to 20 L/day) Not invasive; toxins will cause cells to release fluid; not tissue damage, just fluid loss.

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33 bordetella pertusis

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whooping cough, colonize in throat; toxins released will lead to increased mucous production, decreased ciliary activity

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34 yersinia pestis

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invade host tissue; bubonic plague; flea→ human→ lymph nodes- dissolves them away! Can spread to lungs (hemorrhagic pneumonia: fatal and contagious; when transmitted as aerosol - spread in air; pneumonic plague is nearly 100% fatal!)

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35 Shigella dysenteria

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4. Invade tissue and exotoxin dysentery (bloody diarrhea); secrete toxins to invade into tissue; causes fluid release and tissue damage; spread by diarrhea (fecal oral transmission)

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36 Rickettsia ricketsii:

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Obligate: lives intracellular - Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (tick borne); can’t make ATP- rely on other cells to steal ATP and replicate; endothelial cells affected; fever, muscle pain, spotted rash, causes killing of tissue→ blood vessel ruptures; 5% fatal

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37 Chlamydia trachomatis:

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Obligate: lives intracellular- most common STD; targets epithelium of urethra

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Nosocomial:

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hospital acquired- 1/10 chance patient will get something new; health condition- wound at risk of infection; medications- may increase susceptibility; most are antibiotic resistant; leads to 20,000 deaths/yr in US (1/3 are easily preventable)• 4 Staphylococcus aureus
• Clostridium difficile
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa: loves burn wounds, blue-green pigment on wounds

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• 38 Pseudomonas aeruginosa:

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loves burn wounds, blue-green pigment on wounds

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concept of normal flora

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major role is to occupy space so other bacteria can’t live there!
All bacteria in your body right now.
Differ from person to person.
Based on body chemistry and nutrient availability.
Apartment complex analogy: Pathogens (ex: salmonella) are looking for a place to live. If an apartment is vacant, it will move in. A healthy person would need to swallow 1 million salmonella bacteria to cause disease. If normal flora is removed, only 10 salmonella bacteria may cause disease!

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probiotic

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capsule of normal gut bacteria- take after completing an antibiotic (that has killed normal flora in addition to pathogenic bacteria); make sure it contains “live bacteria”
Most common in probiotics: Lactobacillus, Bacteroides; Bifidobacterium

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PATTERNS OF DISEASE
1. Produce exotoxin

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very rapid, don’t need bacteria to replicate- toxin is in the body!
1 Clostridium botulinum: bacteria not infecting, toxin has been secreted
4 Staphylococcus aureus: food poisoning; toxin was ingested

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Patterns of disease: 2. Colonize host surface, produce exotoxin

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32 Vibrio cholera: diarrhea (up to 20 L/day) Not invasive; toxins will cause cells to release fluid; not tissue damage, just fluid loss.
33 Bordetella pertussis: colonize in throat; toxins released will lead to increased mucous production, decreased ciliary activity

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patterns of disease: 3. Invade host tissue: hyaluronidase)

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34 Yersinia pestis: bubonic plague; flea→ human→ lymph nodes- dissolves them away! Can spread to lungs (hemorrhagic pneumonia: fatal and contagious; when transmitted as aerosol - spread in air; pneumonic plague is nearly 100% fatal!)

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patterns of disease
4. Invade tissue and exotoxin

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35 Shigella dysenteriae: dysentery (bloody diarrhea); secrete toxins to invade into tissue; causes fluid release and tissue damage; spread by diarrhea (fecal oral transmission)

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Patterns of disease 5. Intracellular:

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Difficult to diagnose because you can’t culture them in lab

9. tuberculosis: engulfed in macrophage but is resistant to digestion- lives within it (facultative)

Obligate: lives intracellular
36 Rickettsia ricketsii: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (tick borne); can’t make ATP- rely on other cells to steal ATP and replicate; endothelial cells affected; fever, muscle pain, spotted rash, causes killing of tissue→ blood vessel ruptures; 5% fatal
37 Chlamydia trachomatis: most common STD; targets epithelium of urethra