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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are considered calcified structures? |
bone and teeth |
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what is the organic matrix of bone made of? |
90-95% collagen fibers |
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what does the formation of collagen require? |
proteins vitamin C iron copper zinc |
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t/f: collagen and bone undergo constant remodeling |
true |
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what happens once collagen is formed in bone? |
mineralization |
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what is the claim reserve % of total bone calcium remains amorphous (shapeless)? |
.4 - 10% |
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what is mineralization? |
deposition of inorganic elements (minerals) on an organic matrix (protein, polysaccs, lipids) |
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what is the amorphous calcium used for? |
a reserve for when serum calcium levels decrease |
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when is the osteoblast and osteoclast activity not at an equilibrium? |
growth old age |
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what are the 3 calcified tissue teeth are composed of? |
enamel dentin cementum |
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what is the most insoluble and resistant proteins known? |
crystalline structure |
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what is dentin made of? |
same thing as bone, but more dense |
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what is cementum made of? |
bone-like substance with less minerals (softer than bone) |
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what % of body weight do inorganic elements in the body account for? |
4% |
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what are the categories of minerals? |
major micronutrients or trace elements |
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what is the most abundant mineral in the body? |
calcium |
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what % of the body's calcium are found in the skeleton and teeth? |
99% |
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what are the functions of calcium? |
bone health blood clotting transmit nerve impulses muscle contraction and relaxation membrane permeability activate certain enzymes salivary calcium is a buffer |
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what is different between the calcium in the bones and teeth? |
the calcium in bones is storage for serum levels can not remove calcium from teeth |
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how are the levels of calcium and phosphorus related? |
inversely - calcium goes up then phosphorus goes down (vice versa) |
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what is the ideal calcium/phosphorus ratio for adults? |
1:1 |
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what does excessive intake of phosphorus cause? |
reduction in serum calcium concentration |
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how is calcium absorption regulated ? |
by hormones |
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how is calcium best absorbed? |
when consumed in smaller amounts several times a day |
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what factors decrease absorption of calcium? |
oxylates and phytates in grains & vegetables reduced gastric acidity excessive fiber low protein, low phosphorus diets |
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what are sources of calcium? |
milk and dairy fortified soy and rice milk other fortified foods supplements |
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what is the preferred source of calcium? why? |
milk and dairy products high calcium, lactose, and other nutrients enhance absorbtion |
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what is hypercalcemia? |
excess calcium in the blood |
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what causes hypercalcemia? |
hyperparathyroidism overdoses of cholecalciferol vitamin D poisoning |
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what does excessive calcium intake result in? |
dizziness flushing nausea/vomiting severe constipation kidney stones irregular heartbeat tingling xerostomia fatigue high blood pressure |
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what are hypostases of calcium? |
rickets osteoporosis |
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what is rickets? |
abnormal ossification from vitamin D, calcium deficiency |
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what is osteoporosis? |
age-related disorder characterized by decreased bone mass, leaving it susceptible to fracture |
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where is calcium absorbed? |
small intestine |
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what are hypostates of calcium? |
reduction in total skeletal mass |
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how is calcium related to periodontal disease? |
56% increased risk of perio disease with less than 500mg/day of calcium |
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what is the second most abundant mineral in the body? |
phosphorus |
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what percent of phosphorus is in the skeleton and teeth? |
85% |
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what are the functions of phosphorus? |
formation of bones and teeth muscle contraction and nerve activity component of phospholipids in membrane, DNA and RNA energy metabolism (ADP) buffer for body |
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what are sources of phosphorus? |
milk products meats added in baked goods, cheese, processed meats, and soft drinks |
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what is hyperphosphatemia? |
excessive amount of phosphorus bind with calcium resulting in tetany and convulsions |
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what are hypostases of phosphorus? |
malabsorbtion conditions during tooth development: failure of forming dentin, increased susceptibility of caries, incomplete calcification |
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how much of the body's magnesium do the bones contain? |
2/3 |
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what are the functions of magnesium? |
cofactor for more than 300 enzymes needed for DNA and RNA synthesis regulates transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contraction associated with vitamin D conversion in liver blood clotting PTH secretion |
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what are sources of magnesium? |
dark green leafy vegetables whole grains and nuts chocolate |
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what organ regulates magnesium? |
kidneys |
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what can toxicity of magnesium cause? |
kidney failure |
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what are symptoms of kidney failure? |
diarrhea nausea cramping |
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can you overconsume magnesium from food? |
no
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who has magnesium deficiency? |
chronic alcoholics |
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what are symptoms of magnesium deficiency? |
fragility of alveolar bone and gingival hypertrophy cardiac dysrhythmias neuromuscular hyperexcitabilty |
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t/f: magnesium may play an important role in regulating blood pressure. |
true |
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t/f: fluoride is a nutrient essential for health even though it has no known metabolic function. |
false - not essential |
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why is fluoride considered desirable for humans? |
benefits to bone and dental health |
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how do fluoride ions help teeth be resistant to caries? |
replacing hydroxyl ions in the hydroxyapatite crystal lattice |
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what does fluoride in saliva do? |
interferes with demineralization |
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what do higher concentrations of fluoride inhibit? |
strep mutans strep sobrinus lactobacillus |
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what does fluoride stimulate and increase? |
stimulate osteoblast proliferation increase new mineral deposition in cancellous bone |
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what are sources of fluoride? |
fluoridated water brewed tea ocean fish with bones |
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what is fluorosis? |
hypo mineralization of enamel directly related to fluoride exposure during tooth development |
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what ages does the maximum protection of fluoride occur? |
6-10 |
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where is fluoride absorbed? |
stomach and intestine |
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what can intestine of large amounts of fluoride result in? |
adverse effects on skeletal tissue and kidney function |
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what are directions for minerals? |
use fluoridated water and topical fluorides low-fat dairy, whole grains, and vegetables for Ca and magnesium minimize use of antacids |
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what are the functions of copper? |
formation of RBCs and CT catalyst in formation of collagen component of many enzymes w/ oxidation reactions production of neurotransmitters |
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what are sources of copper? |
seafood liver nuts soy products legumes cocoa |
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where is copper absorbed? |
stomach and duodenum |
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where is copper excreted? |
via bile in feces |
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where is copper stored? |
liver and muscles |
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who has elevated levels of serum copper? |
rheumatoid arthritis myocardial infarction conditions with estrogen pregnancy |
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what is wilson's disease? |
metabolic disorder in which large amounts of copper accumulate in liver, kidney, brain, and cornea |
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what does wilsons disease cause in the cornea? |
kayser-fleischer ring (brown or green ring) |
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what are symptoms of copper deficiency? |
decreased hair and skin pigmentation hematological abnormalities (low WBC count) abnormal formation of cross-linkages in collagen and elastin (failure to grow, fractures, osteoporosis, arthritis, arterial disease, bone deformities) |
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what is the function of selenium? |
cofactor for antioxidant enzyme that protects membrane lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
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where is selenium present? |
tooth enamel and dentin |
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what are sources of selenium? |
animal products whole grains and nuts |
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what are hyper states of selenium? |
cirrhosis of the liver |
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what are symptoms of excess selenium ? |
nausea/vomiting weakness dermatitis hair loss white blotchy nails garlic breath |
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what is a hypo state of selenium? |
keshan disease (cardiomyopathy) |
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what are the functions of chromium? |
carb and lipid metabolism potentiates action of insulin |
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what are sources of chromium? |
meat whole-grain cereals, wheat germ nuts mushroom |
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what are hyper states of chromium? |
liver damage lung cancer |
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what are hypostates of chromium |
decreased insulin sensitivity glucose intolerance increased risk of diabetes |
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what are the functions of manganese? |
involved in enzyme systems for: optimal bone matrix development insulin production AA, carb, and cholesterol metabolism |
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what are sources of manganese? |
whole-grain cereal legumes nuts tea leafy vegetables infant formula |
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how can manganese be an environmental contaminant? |
dust can cause "manganese madness" (similar to parkinsons) |
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t/f: elevated concentration of manganese in salivary plaque and enamel decreases caries? |
false - increases caries |
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t/f: you cannot be manganeses deficient if eating normal diet. |
true |
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what are symptoms of manganese deficiency? |
abnormal formation of bone and cartilage growth restriction congenital malformations impaired glucose tolerance poor reproductive performance |
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what is the function of molybdenum? |
enzyme cofactor trace element in teeth may inhibit caries |
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what are sources of molybdenum? |
legumes whole-grain cereals milk liver vegetables |
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who has hypostates of molybdenum? |
people on TPN |
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what is the function of boron? |
may effect metabolism of Ca, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D |
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what are sources of boron? |
plants |
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what does a boron hypo state affect? |
mineral metabolism |
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what are sources of nickel? |
dried beans and peas grains nuts chocolate |
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what is the role of silicon? |
structure and resilience of collagen, elastin, and polysaccharides |
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what are sources of silicon? |
whole grains root vegetables |
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what is the effect of lithium on calcium? |
decreases Ca content |
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what are sources of vanadium? |
shellfish mushrooms parsley |
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t/f: aluminum is harmful to the body |
true - causes osteodystrophy |
