Pyshology Exam 3

Front 1

A group of factors that drive and direct behaviors

Back 1

Motivation

Front 2

The notion that we are motivated to satisfy drives and therby reduce tension

Back 2

Drive Reduction Explanation

Front 3

A relatively stable state or level

Back 3

Homeostasis

Front 4

The notion that we are motivated to behave in ways that will maintain an optimal level of arousal

Back 4

Homeostatic Explanation

Front 5

The notion that we are motivated by a desire to achieve pleasure or attain goals

Back 5

Incentive Explanation

Front 6

A pyschologist who suggested that motives (needs) from physiological, which must be satisfied first, through self-fulfillment which can be satisfied when other needs are met

Back 6

Abraham Maslow

Front 7

A way of organizing needs (motives) from physiological, which must be satisfied first, through self fulfillment, which can be satisfied when other needs are met.

Back 7

Hierarchy of Needs

Front 8

Process by which the cells in your body produce and use energy

Back 8

Metabolism

Front 9

The energy source that your cells use in metabolism

Back 9

Glucose

Front 10

Signals indicating low glucose levels go to the ______________

Back 10

Lateral Hypothalamus

Front 11

Signals that indicate high glucose levels go to the ______________

Back 11

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Front 12

Cells used to store glucose

Back 12

Fat cells

Front 13

A substance that is released when fat cells are full and which signals the brain to reduce appetite

Back 13

Leptin

Front 14

The notion that there is a genetically determined size of the fat cells which determines appetite and weight.

Back 14

Set Point

Front 15

______________account for 70% of variability in weight

Back 15

Genetic Factors

Front 16

BMI of 25 and below

Back 16

Healthy

Front 17

BMI between 26-29

Back 17

Overweight

Front 18

BMI of 30 or higher

Back 18

Obese

Front 19

Anti-obesity drug that works primarily because it stimulates metabolism.

Back 19

Phentermine

Front 20

A neurotransmitter, low levels of which can increase appetite

Back 20

Serotonin

Front 21

An anti-obesity drug that works primarily because it increases levels of serotonin

Back 21

Fenfluramine

Front 22

The feeling of being full or satisfied after eating which leads to individuals to stop eating

Back 22

Satiety

Front 23

Drug that can lead to a primary pulmonary hypertension, brain damage, and damage in heart valves.

Back 23

Phentermine-Fenfluramine (Phen-fen)

Front 24

An eating disorder in which the major symptom is a refusal to maintain a body weight at an appropriate level so it drops to at least 15% below the normal weight for the individual.

Back 24

Anorexia-Nervosa

Front 25

An eating disorder in which the major symptoms are binges in which the individual consumes huge amounts of food in a short period and purges such as induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives

Back 25

Bulimia-Nervosa

Front 26

A structure in the brain that is stimulated by sex-related stimuli and which then secretes the releasing hormone which begins the sexual response.

Back 26

Hypothalamus

Front 27

A hormone that is secreted by the hypothalamus when it receives sex-related stimulation. The hormone then stimulates the pituitary gland to release gonadotropins.

Back 27

Releasing hormone (LHRH)

Front 28

A gland in the brain (just in front of the hypothalamus) which when stimulated by the releasing hormone secretes gonadotropins.

Back 28

Pituitary gland

Front 29

Substances released by the pituitary gland which then stimulate the gonads to release their hormones and result in the sexual response

Back 29

Gonadotropins

Front 30

The male hormone that is released primarily by the testes when they are stimulated by the gonadotropins

Back 30

Testosterone

Front 31

The female hormone that is released primarily by the ovaries when they are stimulated by the gonadotropins

Back 31

Progesterone

Front 32

A small structure located just above the vaginal opening. It is analogous to the male's penis and swells during sexual arousal.

Back 32

Clitoris

Front 33

Sexual disorders that involve the absence or failure of the sexual response (desire, arousal, and orgasm disorders)

Back 33

Sexual dysfunctions

Front 34

A sexual disorder in which the individual lacks desire. Usually due to a low level of the hormones that are responsible for sex

Back 34

Desire disorder

Front 35

A sexual disorder in which the individual is unable to achieve or maintain an adequate level of sexual arousal. Anxiety is a cause a lot of the time

Back 35

Arousal disorder

Front 36

A sexual disorder in which the individual does not achieve orgasm (usually females) or reaches orgasm too soon (usually males)

Back 36

Orgasm disorder

Front 37

Reaching orgasm too soon (primarily found in men)

Back 37

Premature ejaculation

Front 38

A treatment for premature orgasm in men

Back 38

Start-stop technique

Front 39

Sexual disorders that involve deviant means of achieving sexual arousal: exhibition, fetishism, transvestic fetishism, frotterurism, sexual masochism, voyeurism.
-deviant attraction

Back 39

Paraphilias

Front 40

Achieving sexual arousal by suffocation, often by hanging oneself

Back 40

Autoerotic Asphyxiation

Front 41

The exposure of the genitals to a stranger to achieve sexual gratification

Back 41

Exhibitionism

Front 42

The use of nonhuman objects to obtain sexual gratification. A fetish is often used in combination with masturbation.

Back 42

Fetishism

Front 43

Dressing in the clothes of the opposite sex to achieve sexual gratification. Often done in combination with masturbation.

Back 43

Transvestic Fetishism

Front 44

Rubbing against or touching a nonconsenting individual to achieve sexual gratification

Back 44

Frotteurism

Front 45

Sexual acts with children. Acts can include undressing, looking, exposing themselves, masturbating with touching, and sexual stimulation

Back 45

Pedophilia

Front 46

Obtaining sexual gratification from being abused and suffering. The abuse may be physical (being beaten, bound or tortured) or it may involve verbal humiliation. May be done as normal sexual activities or separately.

Back 46

Sexual Masochism

Front 47

Obtaining sexual gratification from causing others to suffer.

Back 47

Sexual Sadism

Front 48

Looking at others who are disrobing or nude to achieve sexual gratification.

Back 48

Voyeurism

Front 49

A treatment for paraphilias in which a deviant sexual response is replaced with an aversive response (anxiety)

Back 49

Aversion therapy

Front 50

A drug used to treat paraphilias by inhibiting the release of the hormones that lead to sexual arousal.

Back 50

Depo-Provera

Front 51

Laws that permit an indivual to be confined in prison for an indeterminate length of time after they have served their sentence for a sexual offense.

Back 51

Sexual Predator Laws

Front 52

A sexual disorder in which the individual feels more like a member of the opposite sex and is uncomfortable with his or her own sex.

Back 52

Gender Identity Disorder

Front 53

Surgical procedures used to construct a penis or vagina so that an individuals physical sex matches their gender identity.

Back 53

Sex reassignment surgery

Front 54

The need to overcome obstacles, master things, and do things well. -personal characteristic , does not have to be in a traditional area such as school.

Back 54

Need for achievement

Front 55

Need to succeed in order to avoid failure.

Back 55

Fear of failure

Front 56

The sum of achievement motivation and fear of failure

Back 56

Resultant achievement motivation

Front 57

The notion that some individuals do not work to achieve because they are concerned that success will have negation consequences (such as the loss of friends)

Back 57

Fear of success

Front 58

Emotions stem either from how you interpret events around you or how you interpret physiological arousal you are feeling

Back 58

Cognitive Explanations

Front 59

Thoughts lead to arousal and/or behaviors which then lead to emotions

Back 59

James-Lange Theory

Front 60

Thoughts lead to emotions and arousal separately

Back 60

Cannon-Bard Theory

Front 61

Arousal is labeled as an emotion

Back 61

Schachter-Singer Theory

Front 62

Emotions stem from our interpretation of our behavior, environmental factors, physiological arousal, and changes in our brain activity

Back 62

Physiological Explanation

Front 63

Combination of thoughts and feelings

Back 63

Emotions

Front 64

Structure in the limbic system that increases arousal related to emotions, particularly fear, rage, aggression

Back 64

Amygdala

Front 65

The thin layer of neurons (cortex) that covers the frontal lobes of the brain. Important for the integration of emotions and behaviors

Back 65

Prefrontal cortex

Front 66

Increases physiological responses such as heart rate and respiration. Not under voluntary control

Back 66

Sympathetic Branch

Front 67

The branch of the nervous system that is responsible for automatic activities such as increases and decreases in arousal.

Back 67

Autonomic Nervous System

Front 68

A lie detection procedure in which individuals are asked multiple-choice questions to which only guilty persons would know the answers

Back 68

Guilty Knowledge Test

Front 69

The ability to be aware of and experience the emotion of another individual.

Back 69

Empathy

Front 70

Component of love that involves emotional closeness

Back 70

Intimacy

Front 71

Intentionally not thinking about the stressor

Back 71

Supression

Front 72

Sends the memory of a stressor to the unconcious

Back 72

Repression

Front 73

Prolonged exercise, such as running for at least 20 minutes that increases heart rate

Back 73

Aerobic excercise

Front 74

A procedure in which individuals are given immediate feedback about changes in a physiological response such as muscle tension so they can learn to control the response.

Back 74

Biofeedback training

Front 75

A hormone released during stress that can increase energy (blood sugar) but also interfere with memory and prolong the stress response

Back 75

Cortisol

Front 76

A structure in the brain responsible for memory and to some extent reducing the stress response. Results can be interfered with cortisol

Back 76

Hippocampus

Front 77

The notion that our minds operate independently of our bodies.

Back 77

Mind-body dualism

Front 78

Physical disorders that are due to physiological causes

Back 78

Pyschosomatic disorders

Front 79

Heart, blood vessels, and lungs. Used to transport blood to cells

Back 79

Cardiovascular system

Front 80

Buildup of cholesterol in the arteries so blood flow is reduced

Back 80

Coronary artery disorder

Front 81

Stress __________ physiological arousal, and prolonged ___________ levels of arousal leads to physical illness

Back 81

increases/high

Front 82

The technical term for the buildup of fats and cholesterol in arteries

Back 82

Athersclerosis

Front 83

Death of heart muscles also known as a heart attack

Back 83

Myocardial infarction

Front 84

Death of neurons in the brain. Also known as a stroke

Back 84

Cerebral infarction

Front 85

A behavior pattern characterized by competiveness, time urgency, and hostility.

Back 85

Type A behavior pattern

Front 86

_______ component is the best predictor of coronary artery disease

Back 86

Hostility

Front 87

Level of pressure that occurs after each heart beat

Back 87

Systolic Blood Pressure

Front 88

The level of pressure that occurs after blood has been distributed throughout the system and before the next heart beat

Back 88

Diastolic blood pressure

Front 89

Sensors in the arteries that monitor blood pressure and which can be reset if pressure is consistently high. Leads to hypertension

Back 89

Baroreceptors

Front 90

High blood pressure, usually systolic pressure over 140 mm Hg and/ or diastolic pressure over 90 mm Hg

Back 90

Hypertension

Front 91

A brief burst of excercise, such as heavy lifting

Back 91

Anerobic excercise

Front 92

Disease causing agents. Also known as germs

Back 92

Antigens

Front 93

Cells that identify and destroy antigens. Also known as white blood cells

Back 93

Leukocytes

Front 94

The system that governs the production of leukocytes

Back 94

Immune system

Front 95

Kills leukocytes rather than being killed by them

Back 95

AIDS

Front 96

The degree to which you can produce leukocytes and therfore are able to fight infection.

Back 96

Immunocompetence

Front 97

The tendency to use personality factors rather than situational factors to explain the behavior of others

Back 97

Fundamental attribution error

Front 98

The tendency to use situational factors to explain your behavior and use personality factors to explain the behavior of others

Back 98

Actor-Observer Effect

Front 99

The tendency to use situational factors to explain your poor behavior as a means of preserving your self esteem

Back 99

Self-Serving Bias

Front 100

The tendency in some cultures in which modesty is valued to explain your success in terms of situational factors

Back 100

Modesty-Bias

Front 101

An assumption or theory used to organize information and fill in unknown information about people

Back 101

Schema

Front 102

Inability to find something to form a schema about so you trigger the schema

Back 102

Priming

Front 103

Focusing attention on information that is consistent with your schema and ignoring the information that is inconsistent with your schema

Back 103

Selective Attention

Front 104

The fact that an individuals expectations about how another person will behave will influence how the individual behaves towards that person, which in turn influences how that person behaves

Back 104

Self-Fulfilling prophecy

Front 105

A prejudgment about another person based on a schema

Back 105

Prejudice

Front 106

The notion that we are attracted to people because they provide us with rewards

Back 106

Reward-Attraction Explanation

Front 107

The closer you are to another person physically, the more likely it is that you will become attracted to that person

Back 107

Proximity

Front 108

The finding that simply seeing another person frequently will increase attraction to that person

Back 108

Mere exposure effect

Front 109

The fact that an individual will be rated as more attractive if he or she is with other attractive people.

Back 109

Shared beauty effect

Front 110

The tendency to perceive attractive people as more intelligent, poised, exciting, independent, and better adjusted

Back 110

Goodness Stereotype

Front 111

The notion that we help others because we think that the reward for helping will be greater than the cost of the helping to us

Back 111

Social Exchange Explanation

Front 112

The notion that we help others to reduce our own negative emotional state that resulted from seeing the other persons in pain or anguish

Back 112

Negative relief state explanation

Front 113

The characteristic that leads people to help others without regard to self-benefit and strictly out of goodness

Back 113

Altruism

Front 114

____% of the variability in helping behavior is due to genetic factors

Back 114

50%

Front 115

The likelihood of helping _______ as the number of bystanders increases

Back 115

Decreases

Front 116

The fact that people are less likely to help another person if there are other individuals there to help

Back 116

Bystander effect

Front 117

An explanation for the bystander effect which suggests that we are less likely to help when others are present because we share responsibility with the others and therefore feel less responsible

Back 117

Diffusion of responsibility

Front 118

A positive or negative evaluation of some object or idea

Back 118

Attitude

Front 119

The strategy for changing attitudes that relies on information for changing the attitude

Back 119

Central route

Front 120

The strategy for changing attitudes that relies on emotions for changing attitudes

Back 120

Peripheral route

Front 121

The state of discomfort that occurs when there is a clash between a persons attitudes and behavior

Back 121

Cognitive Dissonance

Front 122

Changing of our views and behaviors so that they are consistent with those of the people around us.

Back 122

Conformity

Front 123

Conformity that stems from the information that others provide about what to do in a situation

Back 123

Informational Conformity

Front 124

Conformity that results from an attempt to fit in with those around you even if you prefer other behaviors

Back 124

Conformity that results from an attempt to fit in with those around you even if you prefer other behaviors.