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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social Identity Theory
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the theory that people favor in-groups over out-groups in order to enhance their self-esteem |
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Optimal Distinctiveness
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Balancing the need to belong (assimilation) with the need for autonomy (differentiation) |
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Social Categorization Process
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is the process of classifying people into groups based on similar characteristics, whether it be nationality, age, occupation, diagnosis, or some other trait. When we meet a new professor, for example, we may classify her as a woman, as middle-aged, as Asian, as an academic, and so on. Social categorization is a natural part of social perception; it provides a mental shortcut in that it allows us to infer properties about a person based on the properties of others in the same category (although our inferences may not always be correct).
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Social Category Schema
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LOOK UP IN TEXT BOOK
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Illusion of Out Group Homogeneity
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better at identifying in-group members, out-groups perceived as all look alike, we see more individuality with in-group.
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Self Categorization
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determine for themselves which groups they belong to, proposes that categorizing oneself as a group member becomes more likely as he perceived difference between the in-group and out-group increases.
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Self Stereotyping
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group members view themselves in usually positive terms of stereotypes they have of their group, the self becomes one with the group and positive view of group is reflected in positive view of self.
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Disconfirmatory Data
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exception to the rule, dismiss information Accommodate: image of out-group is wrong so I change it Assimilate – alter information so it fits stereotype/dismiss it
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Minimal Group Paradigm
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even if you can undo learned prejudice so you cant see gender/race, people will find a way to categorize, there is no way to rid of prejudice.
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Self-Esteem and In Group Favorability
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in-group favorability raises self esteem |
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Black Sheep Effect
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people tend to favor in-group members, but if one is a scoundrel, they respond more negatively to bad in-group member than to out-group member.
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Taxonomic Sample Bias
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we are only exposed to certain types of out-groups, including media, not just face to face. (white rancher thinks all black people play basketball.)
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Stereotypes as Heuristics
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these are shortcuts for cognitive misers and they tell us what to pay attention to.
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Solo Status
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if you are the only out-group member, you are stereotyped.
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Information Sampling
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we sample information that is consistent with our information ; created by stereotypes. |
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Availability Heuristic
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the more something easily comes to mind, it is believed its more likely to happen (car accidents vs. plane crash)
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Representative Heuristic
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ignore statistical information because overwhelmed by image (California beach bum image actually from NY)
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Illusory Correlation
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perception of a stronger relationship between 2 variables that actually exists (menstrual cycle & mood swings)
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Bookkeeping
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keeping track of behavior so if you meet enough its must be true.
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Conversion
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1 or 2 radically different people. (3 successful black men change opinion of all blacks being lazy?)
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Social Role Theory
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proposition that when we observe others, we pay attention to roles they occupy and associate characteristics of role with individuals who occupy it.
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Shifting Standards Model
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people are evaluated relative to stereotypic expectations of their group, given evaluation is interpreted as reflecting lower levels of performance for members of low expectation groups than for members of high expectation groups. |
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Contact Hypothesis
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theory of prejudice that interaction between in-group and out-group members changes their beliefs and feelings toward each other in a positive manner.
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Cooperative Learning Methods
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group learning environment that implements necessary contact conditions thought to reduce prejudice as part of everyday educational process.
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Self Regulation
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through experience of acting in a prejudiced manner, people who see themselves as unprejudiced become sensitized through environmental cues that warn them when they might respond in a prejudiced manner so that they can act appropriately in the future.
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Common In-Group Identity
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theory of prejudice reduction holds that ingroup and outgroup members can be induced to recategorize themselves into a single group that shares a common identity
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Multicultural Perspective
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ethnic identities are fundamental to the self concept and that individuals are motivated to retain their cultural heritages; holds that intergroup relations are optimized when people both retain their cultural identities and develop a higher order identity that is also held by other groups.
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Colorblind Perspective
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people should ignore racial and ethnic group membership n dealings with other people acting as though racial and ethnic groups do not exist.
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The Jigsaw Classroom
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is a method of organizing classroom activity that makes students dependent on each other to succeed. It breaks classes into groups and breaks assignments into pieces that the group assembles to complete the (jigsaw) puzzle. It was designed by social psychologist Elliot Aronson to help weaken racial cliques in forcibly integrated schools
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Stereotype Suppression
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Actively suppressing stereotypical thoughts in order to prevent or neutralize the stereotypical thoughts.
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Category Subtyping
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A narrower, more specific categorization of a group or person.
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Stereotype Accuracy
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Most stereotypes are inaccurate because they are made with illusory correlations.
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Functions of Stereotypes
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stereotypes exist to help the mind navigate through a complex and often contradictory environment
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