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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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define "hypothesis" and examples
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Hypothesis- is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Variables are any measureable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study.
i. Examples: if we hypothesized, for example, that putting people under time pressure would lower the accuracy of their time perception, the variables in our study would be time pressure and accuracy of time perception. |
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define independent variable
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a condition or event that an experiment varies in order to see its impact on another variable. (a treatment or intervention, such as a medication or a certain number of counseling sessions) to randomly assigned individuals in control and experiment groups.
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define dependent variable
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is the variable that is thought to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable. In psychology studies,the dependent variable is usually a measurement of some aspect of the participants' behavior.(a reliable and valid outcome measure, such as a standardized test or symptom checklist).
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know the weaknesses of case study (anecdotal)
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the weaknesses of case study (anecdotal) are most case study findings are considered non-scientific,” anecdotal data”-NOT useful for drawing general conclusion.
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Correlational methods of research( you cannot draw meaningful cause-effect conclusions)-
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generating predictions
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Researchers mean by the phrase “random assignment” is
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is experiment (new groups through random assignment).
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define random assignment of subjects
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occurs when all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition in the study.
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Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic model- Freud and Jung: Emphasis on unconscious processes. Know Freud’s topography of human personality: ID
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pleasure principle
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Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic model- Freud and Jung: Emphasis on unconscious processes. Know Freud’s topography of human personality: Ego
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reality principle
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Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic model- Freud and Jung: Emphasis on unconscious processes. Know Freud’s topography of human personality: Superego
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social perfection principle
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define inherited predisposition
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can be traced back to DNA and genes; will show itself in generational, siblings, and twin studies.
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define neurons
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are individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information.
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Neuron:
Dendrites |
are the parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.
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Neuron:
Soma |
or cell body, contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells.
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Neuron:
Axon |
is a long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons or to muscles or glands.
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Brain:
cerebellum |
coordination, movement
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Brain:
cortex |
making sense of sensation and higher-order thinking, including problem solving and judgement
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Brain:
Corpus callosum |
coordination between the hemispheres
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Brain:
Limbic system |
emotional, emergency response center
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Brain:
Stems: Pons |
waking, sleeping
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Brain:
Stems: medulla |
basic survival functions- heart beat and breathing
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functions of our emotional and response center:
the limbic system: olfactory neurons |
sense of smell
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functions of our emotional and response center:
the limbic system: amygdala |
anxiety/fear
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functions of our emotional and response center:
the limbic system: thalamus |
switching/routing mechanism
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functions of our emotional and response center:
the limbic system: hypothalamus |
rage, sexuality, hunger, internal temperature regulation, stress and emergency response
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functions our emotional and response center:
the limbic system: cingulated gyrus |
sense of self and place
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functions of our emotional and response center:
the limbic system: hippocampus |
memory
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functions of our emotional and response center:
the limbic system: medical forebrain bundle |
pleasure from dopamine
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functions of our emotional and response center:
the limbic system: caudate nucleus |
need to check, OCD when too active
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somatic
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voluntary
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brain imaging techniques:
CAT |
sectional x-rays
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brain imaging techniques:
PET |
showing regions of brain activity through heat/metabolic patterns
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brain imaging techniques:
MRI |
capable of the showing the soft tissues of the braining, including tumors and/or areas of inflammation
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define "chunking"
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is breaking a large amount of information down into smaller, meaningful groups of items/facts, to aid memory.
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define "episodic memories"
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are relating the timing of other/historical events to specific events in our personal lives.
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define: sensory memory
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less than a second
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define: short term memory
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several seconds to several minutes
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define: long-term memory
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months to many years
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define: academic/achievement tests
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mastery of items/facts/procedures in a particular area
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define: aptitude tests
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overall ability in an area of study, learning, or performance
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define: intelligence tests
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general ability to understand and cope with information
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Kohlberg's stages of Moral Reasoning:
pre-conventional |
egocentric, manipulative and pragmatic
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Kohlberg's stages of Moral Reasoning:
conventional |
governed by social expectations and a "law and order" legalism
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Kohlberg's stages of Moral Reasoning:
post-conventional |
guided by the concept of "the social contract," and "universal ethical principles"
ex: the right to life trumps property rights |
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define: DSM IV
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(code book) and ( lists of criteria for classification/diagnosis of psychological disorders)
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different perspectives on abnormal behavior:
social/legal |
emphasizing social disruption
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different perspectives on abnormal behavior:
humanistic/existential |
sees abnormal behavior resulting from a personal issue or crisis that individual should be encouraged to resolve
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different perspectives on abnormal behavior:
cognitive |
emphasizes correcting false, irrational, distorted beliefs
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different perspectives on abnormal behavior:
personal distress/medical perspective |
tends to see mental disorders as painful "diseases" that should be cured or alleviated
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different perspectives on abnormal behavior:
systems/behavioral perspective |
attempts to see abnormal personal behavior in a larger context, stressing that individuals behave in abnormal, dysfunctional ways when relationships in the system and reinforcers in the community are not set up properly
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different perspectives on abnormal behavior:
statistical model |
leaves out the emotive, social descriptions, defines abnormality according to frequency of behaviors in any given context
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define:
projective tests (Rorschach inkblots, TAT) |
where a person "projects" their state of mind into ambiguous inkblots or pictures
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define:
standardized self-report inventories (MMPI,BDI) |
where through their responses to a standardized set of items, individuals indicate the symptoms of their disorders.
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most important neurotransmitters-
serotonin |
satisfaction and ability to rest
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most important neurotransmitters-
norepinephrine |
energy and motivation
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most important neurotransmitters-
dopamine |
pleasure and movement
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most important neurotransmitters-
acetylcholine |
movement and memory
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Axis I disorders-
schizophrenia(based in genetics and stress) |
tends to first appear during the young adult years; deteriorated thinking and feeling patterns, resulting in profoundly dysfunctional behaviors;chronic. About one percent of the population. Limited treatment options and success
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Axis I disorders-
unipolar major depression("clinical depression") |
great distress, often accompanied by a lack of energy and emotional/social motivation. Treatable by NRIs and SSRIs,exercise, schedule control, and CBT. Good rate of treatment success (80% or better).
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Axis I disorders-
bipolar disorder("manic depression") |
extreme ups and downs in emotions and behavioral activities. Genetically loaded. Difficult to treat successfully, but somewhat treatable by lithium and anticonvulsants (brain stabilizers) and CBT. No gender differential.
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Axis I disorders:
anxiety disorders |
panic attacks (overwhelming, unpredictable panic), generalized anxiety disorders (extreme worry and hyper-vigilance), phobias (irrational fears), OCD ( mental obsessions, resulting in compulsive behavioral rituals), and PTSD (trauma from the past interfering with present life, through nightmares, flashbacks, reactive behaviors).
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Axis II (development, personality) disorders:
borderline |
marked by extreme inconsistency and manipulation, usually not violent
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Axis II (development, personality) disorders:
Antisocial |
lacks empathy for others, can be extremely violent and dangerous
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Axis II (development, personality) disorders:
Histrionic |
very emotional, easily upset, makes a "big deal" of almost everything
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Axis II (development, personality) disorders:
Narcissistic |
extremely selfish, only has deep emotions for self, but not violent
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two very different perspectives of personality:
trait theories |
of personality, where the individual is said to have certain embedded, consistent patterns (ex: intraversion or extraversion, rational or intuitive, aggressive or shy, conscientious or careless tendencies) that will show themselves across many situational in a person's life.
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two very different perspectives of personality:
situational theories |
of personality that stress that a person's behavior in any situation is mostly governed by the nature of that situation.
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define:
confounding variables |
is an extraneous variable whose presence affects the variables being studied so that the results you get do not reflect the actual relationship between the variables under investigation.
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know what "primary" reinforcement is
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are events at are inherently reinforcing b/c they satisfy biological needs.
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define:
terminal buttons |
which release chemical messengers that carry signals to other neurons.
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define:
synapse |
a junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another.
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define:
somatic nervous system |
made up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors.
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define:
autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
is made up of nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles and glands.
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define:
autonomic nervous system: sympathetic division- |
the branch of the automic nervous system that mobilizes the body's resources for emergencies.
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define:
autonomic nervous system: parasympathetic division |
the branch of the autonomic nervous system that generally conserves bodily resources.
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who is this person "Man is instingtual sexual animal"?
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Sigmund Freud
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who wrote:
- Interpretation of Dreams (1900) -Future of an illustration (1927) -Analysis of dreams and error -Discontents (1930) |
Sigmund Freud
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who wrote something about Anna O.?
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Sigmund Freud and edmund beuler
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ID, Ego, and Superego
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Sigmund Freud
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who is this person "man= social animal"?
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Alfred Adler
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this person got a medical degree as a eye doctor, which leads to hysteria- which lead to association with Freud? who is this person?
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Alfred Adler
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he called this school: individually psychology: Fictional Finalism. who is this?
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alfred adler
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he wrote Fictional Finalism. who is this?
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alfred adler
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he wrote about Inferiority and compomsation.
Ex: black girl with polo disease in her legs- Willma Rhode (sp) and Teddy Roosevelt. who is this? |
alfred adler
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this man is religious/spiritual orientation. and " Man is the religious Animal"
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Carl Jung
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he worked with Eugane Bleuler, he studied "complexes" + "schizophremia"- split mind. who is this person?
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Carl Jung
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he was association with freud. and then he split over base motivation. who is this?
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carl jung
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which one is which?
sexual release (?) and "self-actualization" (?) |
sexual release- freud
self-actualization- jung |
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he did these things:
1.) word association test and polygraph (lie detector) 2.) dream series 3.) active imagination 4.) religious quest |
Carl Jung
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Behavioristic model-
Pavlov |
classical behaviorism, emphasizing "mental associations"
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Pavlov did with dogs
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he also did with the dogs- he would ring a bell and the dogs would get meat, he did it again, and the third time- when he ringed the bell- the dogs came to get meat, but they didn't- they just got saliva b/c they expected meat when it rang.
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what animal for Pavlov?
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dogs
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what type of conditioning did Pavlov do?
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classical (mental) conditioning
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Watson/ skinner
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operant behaviorism, emphasizing shaping the behavior of organisms through application of reinforcement.
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what animal for watson?
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rabbits/ kids
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what animal for skinner?
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pidgens ( bird)
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John watson-
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John Hopkins University and Hospital.
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who is the father of Radical/ Operant Behaviorism?
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John Watson
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B. F. Skinner
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he also used operant behaviorism for his pidgens, that played ping pong.
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B.F. Skinner books
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the behavior of organisms
Walden Two Beyond freedom and Dignity |
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what thing would go for primary reinforcement?
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food, sex
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what thing would go for secondary reinforcement?
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money
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who is Edmund Thorndike?
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he's animal is cats and he talks about "trail and error" and the Law of Effect.
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Existential/Humanistic model-
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emphasizing mind, values, and will.
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B.F. Skinner books
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the behavior of organisms
Walden Two Beyond freedom and Dignity |
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what thing would go for primary reinforcement?
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food, sex
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what thing would go for secondary reinforcement?
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money
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who is Edmund Thorndike?
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he's animal is cats and he talks about "trail and error" and the Law of Effect.
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Existential/Humanistic model-
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emphasizing mind, values, and will.
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B.F. Skinner books
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the behavior of organisms
Walden Two Beyond freedom and Dignity |
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what thing would go for primary reinforcement?
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food, sex
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what thing would go for secondary reinforcement?
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money
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who is Edmund Thorndike?
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he's animal is cats and he talks about "trail and error" and the Law of Effect.
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Existential/Humanistic model-
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emphasizing mind, values, and will.
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Rogers-
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beneficial impact of empathetic listening
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Maslow
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(humanistic) and pyramid of human needs, qualities of self-actualized person.
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Remember the order of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
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1.) need for self-actualization:
-realization of potential 2.)aesthetic needs: -order and beauty 3.)Cognitive needs: -knowledge and understanding 4.)Esteem needs: -achievement and gaining of recognition 5.)Belongingness and love needs: -affiliation and acceptance 6.)safety and Security needs: -long-term survival and stability 7.) physiological needs: -hunger, thirst, and so forth. |
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Active school's of thought
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behaviorism, cognitive, humanism
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No longer active school's of thought
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functionalism, structuralism, gestalt
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define: behaviorism
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a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior.
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define: humanism
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a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.
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define: functionalism
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a school of psychology based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure.
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define: structuralism
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a school of psychology based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and to investigate how these element are related.
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define: absolute refractory period:
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the minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin.
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what is action potential?
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a very brief in a neuron's electrical charge that travels along an axon.
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what is hindbrain?
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includes the cerebellum and two structures found in the lower part of the brain stem: the medulla and the pons.
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what is midbrain?
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the segment of the brainstem that lies between the hindbrain and the forebrain.
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what is forebrain?
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the largest and most complex region of the brain, encompassing a variety of structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum.
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what is cerebral cortex?
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the convoluted outer layer of the cerebrum.
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what are primary reinforcers?
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are events that are inherently reinforcing b/c they satisfy biological needs.
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what are secondary reinforcers?
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reinforcers are events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.
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what are positive reinforcement?
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occurs when a response is strengthened b/c it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.
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what are negative reinforcement?
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occurs when response is strengthened b/c it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus.
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what is classical conditioning?
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a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
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what is operant conditioning?
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a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
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what is law of effect?
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if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened.
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what is occipital lobe?
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at the back of the head, includes the cortical area where most visual signals are sent and visual processing is begun. This area is called the primary visual cortex.
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what is parietal lobe?
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is forward of the occipital lobe. it the includes the area that registers the sense of touch, called the primary somatosensory cortex.
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what is temporal lobe?
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lies below the parietal lobe. near its top, the temporal lobe contains an area devoted to auditory processing, called the primary auditory cortex.
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what is frontal lobe?
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the largest lobe in the human brain.it contains the principal areas that control the movement of muscles, called primary motor cortex.
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what are cones?
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are specialized visual receptors that play a key hole in daylight vision and color vision.
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what are rods?
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are specialized visual receptors that play a key hole in night vision and peripheral vision.
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what is cognitive development from Piaget's stages?
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refers to transitions in youngsters' patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving.
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Sensory-motor from Piaget's stages?
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which lasts from birth to about age 2. he called this stage sensory-motor b/c infants are developing the ability to coordinate their sensory input with their motor actions.
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pre-operational from piaget's stages?
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which extends roughly from age 2 to age 7, children gradually improve in their use of mental images.
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concrete operations from piaget's stages?
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which usually lasts from about age 7 to age 11. he called this stage concrete operations b/c children can perform operations only on images of tangible objects and actual events.
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formal operations form piaget's stages?
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which typically begins around 11 years of age, in this , children begin to apply their operations to abstract concepts in addition to concrete objects.
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know piaget's stages of cognitive development-
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from primitive responses and magical thinking, to learning objects permanence and basic mathematical principles and operations, to being able to deal with abstract/conceptual realities- such as "the power of an idea".
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what will happen if we do not resolve a crisis successfully?
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we remain "stuck", unable to move to and successfully resolve the next crisis, and the next-- the quality of our life deteriorates.
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