Pyschology Exam 4

Front 1

Personal strain or difficulty; one of the factors that can lead to a behavior or emotion being defined as abnormal.

Back 1

Distress

Front 2

An impairment in the ability to function; one of the factors that can lead to a behavior or emotion being defined as abnormal

Back 2

Disability

Front 3

Behaviors that depart from a cultural normal; one of the factors that can lead to a behavior or emotion being defined as abnormal

Back 3

Deviance

Front 4

A treatment for abnormal behavior in which praters or punishments are used to drive demons out.

Back 4

Exorcism

Front 5

A physician in ancient Greece who proposed that abnormal behaviors were caused by imbalances in humors (fluids) in the human body.

Back 5

Hippocrates

Front 6

Fluids in the body which when out of balance were thought to cause abnormal behaviors

Back 6

Humors

Front 7

An early French physician who released pyschiatric patients from their chains and began treating the patients humanely.

Back 7

Phillip Pinel

Front 8

A school teacher who worked to alert the public to the plight of mental patients. She is credited with founding 12 mental hospitals throughout the U.S.

Back 8

Dorothea Dix

Front 9

Pyschodynamic Explanation

Back 9

The view that abnormal behavior is caused by stress and should be treated with pyschotherapy

Front 10

Pyschotherapy

Back 10

An approach to treatment in which an individual talks to a mental health professional in an attempt to eliminate stress or learn to cope with it.

Front 11

The view that abnormal behavior is learned and should be treated through the extinction or releasing

Back 11

Learning explanation

Front 12

An approach to treatment that is based on the principles of learning and in which the focus is on changing behaviors rather than underlying causes

Back 12

Behavior Therapy

Front 13

The view that abnormal behavior is caused by incorrect beliefs (thoughts) and should be treated with cognitive therapy.

Back 13

Cognitive Explanation

Front 14

An approach to treatment in which the individual eliminates incorrect beliefs and therby changes behaviors

Back 14

Cognitive Therapy

Front 15

The view that abnormal behavior is caused by problems with brain functioning

Back 15

Physiological Explanation

Front 16

The use of drugs to change levels of neurotransmitters and therby change behaviors

Back 16

Drug Therapy

Front 17

A group of disorders (phobias, generalized anxiety, panic, posttraumatic stress, and obsessive-compulsive) in which the major stress symptom is anxiety

Back 17

Anxiety disorders

Front 18

An irrational fear

Back 18

Phobia

Front 19

Fear of small spaces

Back 19

Claustrophobia

Front 20

A fear of being in a public place from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing if the individual suddenly becomes anxious

Back 20

Agoraphobia

Front 21

An irrational fear of being criticized by others

Back 21

Social phobia

Front 22

All irrational fears other than agoraphobia and social phobias

Back 22

Specific phobia

Front 23

A treatment for phobias in which the individual is taught to relax and then the relaxation is paired with the phobic stimulus, therby blocking the fear response

Back 23

Systematic desensitization

Front 24

A disorder that involves pervasive anxiety that lasts for at least a month and which is not associated with a particular stimulus

Back 24

Generalized anxiety disorder

Front 25

Neurons that reduce the activity of other neurons in the brain. In the case of generalized anxiety disorder they inhibit neurological activity that leads to anxiety

Back 25

Inhibitory neurons

Front 26

Neurotransmitter that is released by inhibitory neurons. Low levels are associated with anxiety

Back 26

GABA

Front 27

A disorder that involves a sudden onset of intense anxiety that only lasts for a few minutes

Back 27

Panic disorder

Front 28

A cluster of neurons in the brain stem that monitors CO2 levels in the blood. It can send false alarms about suffocation that can lead to panic

Back 28

Respiratory control center

Front 29

A neurotransmitter which inhibits the activity in the respiratory control center. Low levels can also cause the obsessive compulsive disorder, can cause depression, and lead to impulsivity

Back 29

Serotonin

Front 30

A disorder that involves the reexperiencing of a previous traumatic event

Back 30

Posttraumatic stress disorder

Front 31

A disorder that involves obsessions and or compulsions

Back 31

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Front 32

Persistent thoughts or images (usually upsetting) that an individual cannot get out of his or her mind

Back 32

Obsessions

Front 33

Senseless behaviors that are performed repeatedly

Back 33

Compulsions

Front 34

A treatment for the obsessive compulsive disorder in which the individual is exposed to the situation that triggers the ritual but is not allowed to perform the ritual

Back 34

Exposure with response prevention

Front 35

Disorders in which individuals report symptoms of a physical disorder but a physical cause for the symptoms cannot be found

Back 35

Somatoform disorders

Front 36

A somatoform disorder in which individuals have numerous somatic complaints

Back 36

Somatization disorder

Front 37

A somatoform disorder in which the individuals interpret minor symptoms as symptoms of serious disorders

Back 37

Hypochondriasis

Front 38

A somatoform disorder in which individuals report pains for which physical causes cannot be found

Back 38

Pain disorder

Front 39

A somatoform disorder in which individuals report major symptoms involving motor or sensory functions (e.g. blindness, paralyis)

Back 39

Conversion disorder

Front 40

A somatoform disorder in which individuals have excessive concern about imagined or minor defects in physical appearance

Back 40

Body dysmorphic disorder

Front 41

Disorders in which individuals dissociate themselves from periods of time in their lives or aspects of their personality that are threatening.

Back 41

Dissociative disorders

Front 42

A dissociative disorder in which individuals lose their memory for periods of time in which stressful events occured

Back 42

Dissociative amnesia

Front 43

A dissociative disorder in which individuals lose their memory for their entire preceding life, move to new locale, and assume a new identity

Back 43

Dissociative fugue

Front 44

A disorder in which individuals develop two or more separate personalities, some of which are not aware of others. Previously called the multiple personality disorder

Back 44

Dissociative identity disorder

Front 45

Earlier term for the dissociative identity disorder

Back 45

Multiple personality disorder

Front 46

A dissociative disorder in which individuals report feelings of being detached from their bodies or minds.

Back 46

Depersonalization disorder

Front 47

Disorders that involve extremes of mood that range from depression to mania; the two major disorders are the depressive disorder and the bipolar disorder

Back 47

Mood disorders

Front 48

A mood disorder that involves deep depression, feelings of worthlessness, loss of interest in activities, change in appetite, problems with sleep, loss of energy, and problems with concentration.

Back 48

Depressive disorder

Front 49

A mild form of the depressive disorder

Back 49

Dysthymic disorder

Front 50

The help and support provided by others which can reduce depression

Back 50

Social support

Front 51

Exercise such as jogging, cycling, and swimming which can reduce depression

Back 51

Aerobic exercise

Front 52

A neurotransmitter, low levels of which can cause depression

Back 52

Norepinephrine

Front 53

A structure in the brain that plays a role in controlling mood, as well as appetite, sex, and sleep

Back 53

Hypothalamus

Front 54

A substance which is converted into serotonin in the body. I is contained in dairy foods and turkey

Back 54

Tryptophan

Front 55

The think layer of neurons that covers the left side of the forward most part of the frontal lobes. Plays a part in thinking and depression

Back 55

Left prefrontal cortex

Front 56

Individuals are more likey to become depressed if the stroke occurs in the _______ prefrontal cortex

Back 56

Left

Front 57

The process by which neurotransmitters are absorbed by the presynaptic neuron before they cross the presynaptic gap

Back 57

Reuptake

Front 58

If a depression is caused by problems with neurotransmitters it is treated by

Back 58

Antidepressants

Front 59

Drugs that reduce depression by blocking the reuptake of serotonin, therby making more serotonin available at the synapse Ex: Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil

Back 59

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Front 60

Stimulates production of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the pleasure center of the brain Ex: Welbutrin (which is a.k.a Zyban)

Back 60

Atypical Antidepressants

Front 61

Drugs such as amphetamines that can increase the production of neurotransmitters and thereby reduce depression

Back 61

Stimulants

Front 62

An herbal medicine that may be effective for treating depression

Back 62

St. John's wort

Front 63

The use of electric shocks to the brain which cause convulsions and reduce depression

Back 63

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Front 64

Does electroconvulsive therapy work?

Back 64

Yes, may cause retrograde amnesia (Ind. cannot remember past)

Front 65

A treatment for depression in which electromagnets are used to stimulate neurons in the left frontal lobes

Back 65

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Front 66

Does Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation work?

Back 66

Yes, no side effects, lasts for up to four weeks

Front 67

Depression that occurs in the winter because of reduced light. Previously called seasonal affective disorder

Back 67

Depression with seasonal pattern

Front 68

The use of bright light to treat depression with a seasonal pattern

Back 68

Light therapy

Front 69

Depression that occurs in women shortly after they give birth

Back 69

Postpartum depression

Front 70

T/F: Depression is diagnosed more often in women than in men

Back 70

T

Front 71

T/F: The increased rate of depression in women does not appear until after puberty

Back 71

T

Front 72

T/F: Depression is less likely to occur repeatedly in women than men.

Back 72

F

Front 73

A mood disorder in which individuals go through cycles of mania and depression. Previously called the manic-depressive disorder

Back 73

Bipolar Disorder

Front 74

A drug used to treat the bipolar disorder

Back 74

Lithium

Front 75

Cause of bipolar disorder

Back 75

Unstable levels of brain activity

Front 76

Drugs used to treat disorders such as epilepsy but which can also be used to treat the bipolar disorder

Back 76

Anticonvulsants

Front 77

The voluntary ending of ones own life.

Back 77

Suicide

Front 78

Suicides that are disguised as accidents

Back 78

Covert suicides

Front 79

Behaviors which appear to be suicidal but which are not really designed to kill the individual

Back 79

Suicide gestures

Front 80

A serious disorder involving symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disruptions of thought processes

Back 80

Schizophrenia

Front 81

Sensory experiences that do not have a basis in reality (e.g. hearing things that are not there)

Back 81

Hallucinations

Front 82

Bizarre beliefs that are held despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary (e.g. believing you are the president)

Back 82

Delusions

Front 83

The inability to screen out irrelevant stimuli

Back 83

Cognitive flooding

Front 84

Problems with thought processes that usually result from distraction

Back 84

Disturbed thought processing

Front 85

Depression or mania as part of schizophrenia

Back 85

Inappropriate emotional responses

Front 86

Poor cognitive functioning seen in persons with schizophrenia that results from the disruption caused by the other symptoms

Back 86

Decline in intellectual functioning

Front 87

Hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, bizarre behaviors

Back 87

Positive symptoms

Front 88

High levels of brain activity due to high levels of dopamine activity

Back 88

Probable cause of positive symptoms

Front 89

Flat mood, poverty of speech, apathy, inability to experience positive feelings

Back 89

Negative symptoms

Front 90

Low levels of brain activity and structural problems in the brain

Back 90

Probable cause of negative symptoms

Front 91

The fact that persons with schizophrenia are more likely to have been born in January, February, or March

Back 91

Season of Birth Effect

Front 92

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia that arrest brain activity

Back 92

Neuroleptics

Front 93

May cause tardive dyskinesia

Back 93

Neuroleptics

Front 94

A disorder involving involuntary muscle contractions, can be a side effect of some of the early neuroleptics

Back 94

Tardive dyskinesia

Front 95

Drugs that are only effective for treating the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Back 95

Neuroleptics

Front 96

Modern neuroleptics that are generally more effective than the earlier ones and which usually do not cause tardive dyskinesia

Back 96

Atypical neuroleptics

Front 97

A treatment for schizophrenia in which patients and their families are taught about the disorder and taught how to minimize and cope with the symptoms

Back 97

Pyschoeducation

Front 98

A treatment in which individuals are given rewards for normal behaviors and rewards are withdrawn when symptoms are present

Back 98

Token Economy

Front 99

A surgical procedure in which the frontal lobes of the brain are destroyed or separated from the rest of the brain; a knife or electrodes are inserted through holes in the skull.

Back 99

Prefrontal lobotomy

Front 100

A surgical procedure in which the frontal lobes if the brain are destroyed or separated from the rest of the brain; a knife is inserted through the eye sockets

Back 100

Transorbital lobotomy

Front 101

A disorder that is apparent shortly after birth and which is characterized by serious problems with social interactions, serious problems with communication, and repetitive behavior patterns

Back 101

Autistic disorder

Front 102

Severe punishments such as mild electrical shocks, that are used to control potentially dangerous symptoms in children with autism

Back 102

Aversive procedures

Front 103

Disorders fall somewhere between normal adjustment and serious disorders such as schizophrenia

Back 103

Personality disorders

Front 104

Is generally distrustful and suspicious of others, interprets the motives of others as being mean or hostile

Back 104

Paranoid

Front 105

Is detached from social relations; is indifferent to praise or criticism; has a limited range of emotions; does not experience much pleasure; is cold and distant

Back 105

Schizoid

Front 106

Has cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities (ideas of reference, bodily illusions, odd thinking and speech, suspiciousness); has inappropriate mood, is ill at ease with others; difficulty with close relationships

Back 106

Schizotypal

Front 107

Characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships (shifts from love to hate), mood (often depressed or angry), identity (complains of being empty), and behavior (impulsive, suicidal, self mutilating) has transient disruption of thought processes

Back 107

Borderline

Front 108

Constantly wants to be the center of attention; acts in dramatic ways to attract attention; is sexually seductive, has shifting and shallow emotions; is suggestible (easily influenced by others) usually believes relationships are more intimate then they actually are

Back 108

Histronic

Front 109

Has a sense of self importance, is preoccupied with success, power and beauty; requires attention; believes that he or she is "special" and should associate with high status people; lacks empathy; is arrogant and exploits others.

Back 109

Narcissitic

Front 110

Does not conform to rules; lies; acts impulsively; is aggressive; disregards the needs of others; is irresponsible; lacks anxiety and lacks guilt

Back 110

Antisocial

Front 111

Avoids interpersonal contact because of fear of criticism and rejection; is preoccupied with criticism; views self as inept or inferior; reluctant to take personal risks

Back 111

Avoidant

Front 112

Is preoccupied with details, rules, lists, orders or schedules, shows perfectionism, is devoted to work to the exclusion of leisure and friendships; is overconscientious and inflexible; cannot discard worthless objects; is reluctant to delegate responsibility; is rigid and stubborn

Back 112

Obsessive-Compulsive

Front 113

A disorder in which the symptoms revolve around the lack of anxiety that would ordinarily inhibit inappropriate behaviors
-low levels of serotionin
-low levels of neurological arousal

Back 113

Antisocial personality disorder

Front 114

Antisocial personality disorder can be treated with antidepressants that _______ levels of serotonin
-Prozac, Zoloft

Back 114

Increase

Front 115

A judgment that is used to postpone a trial if an individual cannot understand the charges or participate in his or her defense.

Back 115

Incompetence to stand trial

Front 116

A legal judgment in which it is decided that an individual is not responsible for his or her illegal acts

Back 116

Insanity

Front 117

A man who in 1843 murdered another man but was found not guilty by reason of insanity and for whom the M'Naghten rule is named

Back 117

Daniel M'Naghten

Front 118

A rule for deciding insanity; based primarily on the knowledge of right vs. wrong

Back 118

M'Naghten rule

Front 119

A rule that is sometimes used to determine insanity; applied when an individual could not control his or her behavior because of emotions

Back 119

Irresistible impulse

Front 120

A rule for deciding insanity; included in the justification is the presence of a mental disease or defect

Back 120

American Law Institute Rule

Front 121

A legal ruling that an individual who committed a criminal act is mentally ill and therefore should be treated but is also guilty so should also be punished

Back 121

Guilty but mentally ill

Front 122

A procedure in which an individual agrees to be committed to a mental hospital but can late request a release

Back 122

Voluntary committment

Front 123

A procedure in which an individual is committed to a mental hospital against his or her will because the individual is a threat to him/herself or others

Back 123

Involuntary committment

Front 124

A movement to discharge mental patients from hospitals and treat them in the community.

Back 124

deinstitutionalization

Front 125

A clinic, usually in a large hospital where patients can come for treatment during the day

Back 125

Outpatient clinic

Front 126

Conveniently located mental health clinics in which the focus is on treating individuals while they remain at home and on preventing disorders from arising

Back 126

Community mental health centers

Front 127

A residential facility where mental patients can live for short periods of time while making the transition from living in hospitals to living in the community

Back 127

Halfway house

Front 128

Mental hospitals in which one group of patients lives during the day and then goes home at night and vice versa

Back 128

Day and night hospital

Front 129

Programs in which mental patients are visited regularly in their homes to make sure they are taking their medication and getting along alright

Back 129

Home care

Front 130

Places of refuge that are sometimes needed while an individual overcomes a crisis

Back 130

Asylums

Front 131

Disorders that are limited to one culture

Back 131

Culture-bound disorders