Pyschology - Body And Behavior

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

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The brain and spinal cord

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Spinal Cord

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Nerves that run up and down the length of the back and transmits most messages between the body and brain

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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Nerves branching out from the spinal cord

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Neurons

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The long, thin cells of nerve tissue along which messages travel to and from the brain

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Synapse

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The gap that exists between individual nerve cells

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Neurotransmitters

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The chemicals released by neurons, which determine the rate at which other neurons fire

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Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

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The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls internal biological functions

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Norepinephrine

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Involved with memory and learning

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Endorphine

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Inhibits pain

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Acetycholine

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Involved with muscular control; Undersupply = Alzheimers

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Dopamine

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Involved in learning, movement, emotions (emotional arousal); Oversupply = Schizophrenia, Undersupply = Parkinsons

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Serotonin

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Involved in mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal; Undersupply = Depression

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Vertebrae

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Protects the spinal cord

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Sensory Neurons

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Relays messages from sense organs to the brain

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Sense Organs

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Eyes, Ears, Nose, Skin

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Motor Neurons

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Relays messages from the brain to the glands and muscles

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Sympathetic Nervous System

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Prepares body for emergencies or strenuous actions

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

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Conserves energy and recovers body from strenuous actions

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Hindbrain

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A part of the brain located at the rear base of the skull that is involved in the basic processes of life

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Midbrain

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A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward

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Forebrain

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A part of the brain that covers the brain's central core

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Lobes

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The different regions into which the cerebral cortex is divided

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Electroencephalograph (EEG)

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A machine used to record the electrical activity of large portions of the brain

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Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

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An imaging technique used to study the brain to pinpoint injuries ad brain deterioration

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

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An imaging technique used to see which brain areas are being activated while performing tasks

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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An imaging technique used to study brain structure and activity

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Pons

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Chemicals the body needs to sleep; Bridge between the spinal cord and the brain

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Brain Stem

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Composed of mostly the medulla, pons, and the midbrain

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Reticular Activating System (RAS)

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Spans across the midbrain structures; Involved in the wake/sleep cycle and alerts the brain to incoming signals

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Cerebral Cortex

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The outer layer of the forebrain, also surrounds the hindbrain and brain stem

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Occipital Lobe

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A lobe of the brain where visual signals are processed

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Parietal Lobe

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A lobe of the brain that contains info from senses all over the body

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Temporal Lobe

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A lobe of the brain that controls hearing, memory, emotion, and speaking

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Frontal Lobe

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A lobe of the brain that controls organization, planning, and creative thinking

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Corpus Callosum

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The hemispheres of the brain communicate through this

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Cerebellum

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A part of the hindbrain that controls posture, balance, and voluntary movements; Located behind the spinal cord

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Thalamus

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Integrates sensory input except smell; In the forebrain

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Hypothalamus

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Controls hunger, thirst, and sex; Regulates body temperature; In the forebrain

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Limbic System

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Controls emotions and motivations; In the forebrain

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Amygdala

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In the very center; Controls violent emotions (fear and rage); Part of the forebrain

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Hippocampus

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Controls memories; Part of the forebrain

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Cerebrum

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Covers all the areas of the forebrain

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Left Hemisphere

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Controls the movements of the right side of the body, speech, math, logic, and calculations.

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Right Hemisphere

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Visual and spatial relations (eg. puzzles); Perceptial tasks; recognize patterns; music and art; creativity and art

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Behavior

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This is what psychobiologists study the role of the brain in

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Brain Waves

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Occur because the neurons in the brain tend to increase or decrease their amount of activity in unison

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Electrodes

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May be used to set off the firing of neurons as well as to record it

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Hypothyroidism

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A condition caused by too little thyroxine; Makes people feel lazy and lethargic

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Hyperthyroidism

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A condition caused by too much thyroxine; Makes people feel sleepy, be overactive, and lose weight

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Hormones

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Chemical messages; Produced in the endocrine glands and distributed by blood and body fluids

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Nervous system and Endocrine system

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The two communication systems of the body

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Adrenal Glands

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Produces epinephrine; Very active when angry or frightened

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Pituitary Gland

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The "master" gland; Located near the midbrain; Regulates most of the hormones; Controls growth, reproduction, ovulation, and lactation