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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is developmental psychology?
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The study of the physical, cognitive, social and emotional changes that occur between infancy and adolescence.
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What is phylogeny?
What is ontogeny? |
Phylogeny- the evolutionary history of a species
Ontogeny- Development of an individual organism over its lifetime. |
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What are characteristics of the developmental stages?
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*Qualitative changes (crawling to walking)
*Rapid (crawling to walking in under 90 days) *Simultaneous changes in many, if not all aspects of behavior (enhanced mobility to new child-caregiver relations) *Behavioral and physical changes merge to form a coherent pattern (walking accompanied by pointing, ability to follow another's gaze, first words) |
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What is a critical period?
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A period of growth during which environmental biological event MUST occur if development is going to proceed
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What is a sensitive period?
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Times in an organism's life when a particular experience has an especially profound effect
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What are the methods of data collection?
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*Naturalistic Observation
*Experimental Methods *Self Reports *Clinical Interview Methods |
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What is naturalistic observation?
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Observe kids in their everyday life and record what happens
Problems: Can be difficult to maintain objectivity; people act differently when they are watched |
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What are experimental methods?
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Experimental and control group
Problems: Correlation vs. causation, artificiality of context |
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What are self reports?
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Interviews, questionnaires, and behavioral checklist
Problems: Inaccuracies, may not understand questions, selective memory |
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What are clinical interview methods?
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Tailor question depending on answer to previous question
Problems: Difficult to compare across individuals, relies heavily on verbal skills |
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What is the criteria of scientific description?
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Objectivity: not distorted by preconceptions
Reliability: test-retest and inter-rater consistency Validity: actually reflects what is being studied Replicability: similar findings by other researchers |
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What are the developmental periods before birth?
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*Germinal Period: conception to attachment (8-10 days later)
*Embryonic Period (Embryo): attachment to end of 8th week (when all major organs have taken primitive shape) *Fetal Period (Fetus): 9th week (with first hardening of the bones) until birth; at 15 weeks, fetus is capable of all movements we see in newborns |
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How can we study prenatal development?
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Examine physiological responses to stimuli, like changes in heart rate or moving around
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What senses does the fetus have and when?
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Vision: responds to light at 26 weeks
Sound: responds at 5-6months; can discriminate outside sounds but hears mother's voice best Sensing Motion: sense of balance at 5 months |
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What are methods of behavioral research in infants?
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*Examine physiological responses to environmental stimuli, like changes in brain electrical activity or heart rate
*Capitalize on what the baby can do: looking (how long, what do they prefer) and sucking (how fast) |
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What is habituation?
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After repeated stimulus presentation, baby becomes bored and stops paying attention
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What is dishabituation?
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When a baby perceives a change in the stimulus, his or her attention is recaptured
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What are two ways the brain develops?
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*Experience-expectant: Brain develops regardless of experience, stimulation, or activity
*Experience-dependent: New synapses are generated in response to new experiences |
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What is Temperament?
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Refers to individual differences in ways of responding to the environment that seem to be consistent across situations and stable over time
-Includes activity level, intensity of reactions, ease of becoming distressed, response to novelty, and sociability -Believed to be present at birth |
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What are the three categories of temperament?
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*Easy: playful, regular biological functions, and adapt readily to new circumstances
*Difficult: irritable, irregular biological functions, withdraw or respond intensely and negatively to new circumstances *Slow To Warm Up: low activity, mild responses, require more time to adapt |
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What are the three dimensions of temperament according to Dr. Mary Rothbart?
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*Reactivity: the characteristic level of arousal, or activeness
*Affect: the dominant emotional tone, gloomy or cheerful *Self-regulation: control over what one attends and reacts to |
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What is attachment?
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The enduring emotional bond between a child and a specific caregiver.
*Most prominent in infants b/w 6 and 18 months of age. |
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What are Bowlby's four stages of attachment that develop during the first 2 years of life?
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1. Preattachment: (birth to 6 weeks) do not seem to mind if left alone with unfamiliar caregiver
2. Attachment in the making: (6 weeks-6 to 8months) respond differently to familiar and unfamiliar people; wariness, which is evidence of greater recall 3. Clear cut attachment: (6to8months-18to24months) full blown separation anxiety when caregiver leaves; caregiver is the secure base for exploration of the environment 4. Reciprocal Relationship: (18-24months) both caregiver and child maintain equilibrium of relationship |
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What is Bowlby's Internal Working Model?
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The child develops a mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general.
This model guides children's interactions with caregivers and other people in infancy and at older ages |
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What are Ainsworth's three attachment styles?
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*Secure Attachment
*Anxious/avoidant attachment *Anxious/Resistant Attachment (aka Insecure Attachment) |
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What is Secure Attachment?
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*Child reacts positively to a stranger as long as caregiver is present
*Becomes upset when caregiver leaves *Unlikely to be consoled by stranger *Easily and quickly soothed by caregiver when caregiver returns |
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What is Anxious/Avoidant Attachment?
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*Indifferent to caregiver
*May or may not become upset when caregiver leaves *Potentially consolable by stranger *May turn or look away from caregiver when he or she returns *Exploratory behaviors dominate over attachment |
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What is Anxious/Resistant Attachment (or Insecure Attachment)?
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*Stay close to caregivers
*Anxious even when caregivers are near *Very upset when caregiver leaves *Not comforted by strangers *Not comforted by caregiver return *Attachment dominates exploration |
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What is Disorganized Attachment?
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Characterized by confused and inconsistent attachment behavior
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What are Long-terms effects of Attachment?
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*More curious and play better with peers at age 3
*More socially skilled at age 10 *Better peer relationships at age 15 *Positive romantic relationships in adolescence *More confident as adolescents *Higher grades and are more involved in school |
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What are causes of variation in attachment style?
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*Parental Behaviors
*Characteristics of the child *Family influences *Cultural influences |
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What are the primary emotions?
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Six primary emotions present in first year:
*joy *fear *anger *surprise *sadness *disgust |
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What are the secondary emotions?
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Secondary emotions develop 18-24 months:
*embarrassment, pride, shame, guilt, envy |
