Pyschology

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archival measures

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are records or documents that already exist

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case study

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an in-depth analysis of an individual, group, or event

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confounding of variables

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two variables are intertwined in such a way that we cannot determine which one has influenced a depedent variable

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control group

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is not exposed to the treatment or receives a zero-level of the independent variable

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correlation coefficient

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a statistic that indicates the direction and strength of the relation between two variables

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correlational research

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has three steps

1: Measure one variable X
2: Measure a second variable Y
3: Statistically determines whether X and Y are related

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demand characteristics

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cues that participants pick up about the hypothesis of a study or about how they are supposed to behave

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dependent variable

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the factor that is measured by the experimenter and may be influenced by the independent variable

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descriptive research

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seeks to identify how humans and other animals behave, particularly in natural settings

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double-blind procedure

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both the participant and experimenter are kept blind as to which experimental condition the participant is in

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experiment

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has three parts
1: manipulates one or more variables
2. measures whether this manipulation influences other variables
3. attempts to control extraneous factors that might influence the outcome of the experiment

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experimental group

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the group that receives a treatment or an "active" level of the independent variable

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experimenter expectancy effects

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refers to the subtle and unintentional ways researchers influence their participants to respond in a manner that is consistent with the researcher's hypothesis

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external validity

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the degree to which the results of a study can be generalized to other people, settings, and conditions

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hypothesis

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a specific prediction about some phenomenon

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independent variable

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refers to the factor that is manipulated by the experimenter

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informed consent

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when people agree to participate in research

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internal validity

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represents the degree to which an experiment supports clear causal conclusions

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meta-analysis

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statistical procedure for combining the results of different studies that examine the same topic

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naturalistic observation

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the researcher observes behavior as it occurs in a natural setting

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negative correlation

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occurs when higher scores on one variable are associated with lower scores on a second variable

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operational definition

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defines a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to produce or measure it

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placebo

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a substance that has no pharmacological effect

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placebo effect

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people receiving a treatment show a change in behavior because of their expectations, not because the treatment itself had any specific benefit

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population

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consists of all the individuals that we are interested in drawing a conclusion

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positive correlation

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meant that higher scores on one variable are associated with higher scores on a second variable

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random assignment

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a procedure in which each participant has an equal likelihood of being assigned to any one group within an experiment

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random sampling

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every member of the population has an equal probabiligy of being chosen to participate in the survey

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replication

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is the process of repeating a study to determine whether the original findings can be duplicated

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representative sample

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reflects the important characteristics of the population

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sample

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is a subset of individuals drawn from the larger population

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scatterplot

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correlation between two variables can be depicted on a graph

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survey research

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information about a topic is obtained by administering questionnaires or interviews to many people

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theory

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a set of formal statements that explains how and why certain events are related to one another

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variable

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any characteristic or factor that can vary