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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Learning
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is a relatively permanent change in behavior that is brought about by experience
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Ivan Pavlov
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Salivating dogs classically conditioned them to salivate at the tone of a bell for food.
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John B Watson
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behaviorist.
CC little albert to become afraid at the sight of any white furry thing... by pairing it with a loud noise created an irrational fear and PSTD.. never was desensitized |
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Extinction
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previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears
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Spontaneous Recovery
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reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest with no further conditioning.
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Generalization
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occurs when a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is similar to original CS
ex) social norms |
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Discrimination
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occurs when 2 stimuli are similar and one evokes a response and one does not
ex) can opener |
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John Garcia
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biologically prepared to avoid foods that taste/smell like something that made us sick before.
LEARNED TASTE AVERSION |
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Operant Conditioning
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reward and punishment learning.
learn by reinforcements |
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B F Skinner
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Skinner box
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Thorndike law of effect
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response lead to satisfying consequences more likely to be repeated
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Reinforcements
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process stimulus increases likelihood preceding behavior will be repeated
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Positive Reinforcement
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stimulus ADDED to environment that brings and INCREASE in preceding response
(take away negatives) |
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Negative Reinforcement
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unpleasant stimulus whose REMOVAL leads to INCREASE in prob that a preceding response will be repeated.
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Schedules of reinforcement
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>fixed ratio- given only after a specific number of responses
>variable ratio: occurs after a varying number of responses >fixed interval: provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed. (over all rates are relatively low) >variable interval: time between reinforcement varies around some average rather than being fixed |
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Stimulus control training
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behavior is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus but not in absence
ex) ppl are different around certain ppl in their lives |
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Discriminative Stimulus
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sigs the liklihood reinforcement will follow a response
ex) keeping the kleenex out patients are more likely feel the need to cry |
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Shaping
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not natural
teaching complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer ex) animal training-- circus chicken |
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Cognitive Learning Theory
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learning is best understood in terms of cognitions and ppl develop expectation of reward after a repsonse
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Observational Learning
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learning through imitation
-watching -albert bandura: children bobo dolls and violent rxns >mirror neurons fire when one observes a person carrying out a behavior |
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Memory
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a process in which one encodes, stores and retrieves info
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Chunking
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taking in 7 +/- 2 #s at one time easier to remember in chunks
ex) credit cards are chunked in groups of 4 |
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Three System Memory Theory
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>sensory memory: lasts seconds
>short term memory: a little longer.. but stores the important info into >long term memory ^ |
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Sensory Memory
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>iconic: reflects into from the visual system
>echoic: stores auditory info from ears |
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Short Term Memory
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>rehearsal: elaborative repeats and info is stored in same fashion
>mnuemonics: memorizing techniques and org strategy ex) ROY G BIV >working memory: set of temp memory stores actively manipulate and rehearse info central execuative processor visual store verbal store episodic buffer |
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Long Term Memory
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declarative memory
-factual info -semantic and general knowledge -episodic memory..events -procedural memory skills and habits ex) wake up routine and driving |
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Longtime potentiation
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certain neuropathways became easily excited while new responses are being learned
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Recognition
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been exposed to a stimulus previously or asked to indentify from a list of alt.
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Levels of Processing Theory
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suggests that the amounts of info processing occurs when determining how much info is remembered.
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Explicit Memory
Implicit Memory |
continuously known
not easily brought into conscious awareness |
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Flashbulb
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related to specific traumatic event- vivid rep of a snap shot of experience
ex)9/11 |
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Germinal Period
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zygote... fertilized egg first 2 weeks
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Embyrotic period
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week 2-8
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Fetal Period
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week 8-birth
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age of viability
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avg 22 weeks and a child can survive prematurely
sensitive/critical period = easier to learn a lang. |
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reflexes
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-rooting
-sucking -gag -startle -babinski |
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Development of senses
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-visual abilities grow rapidly after birth
-habituation |
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Parenting styles
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authoritarian
permissive authoritative * uninvolved |
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Piagets Cog. Development
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1. sensorimotor stage
object permanence 2. pre op stage egocentric though and principle conueration 3.concrete op stage reversable thinking, no abstract thought. 4. formal op stage abstract and formal logical thinking info processing |
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Metacognition
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thinking about how we think
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G- Factor
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>general factor for mental ability
>underlie performance in every aspect of intelligence >recently it is viewed as a mulitdimensional concept |
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Fluid Intelligence
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>street smarts
>info processing capabilities reasoning and memory |
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Crystalized Intelligence
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>accumulation of skills info and strategies, book smarts
ex)chick with 2 PhDs didn't know how to change her own oil |
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Binet IQ test
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>ma
>chron age >intelligence quocient >deviation iq scores >bell shape distribution >iw score = ma/ca X 100 |
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Freud and Pyschodynamic
personality theory |
idea that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts
ppl have little awareness and control >unconscious= part of personality that contains memories and inner desires |
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ID, EGO and SUPEREGO
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raw unorganized inborn part personality
-primitive drives food,sex, sleep -pleasure principle "need it now" >need to deal with reality >strives to balance the two. the mediator moral principal |
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Pyschosexual stages
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Oral- baby's mouth is focal point of pleasure
fixation on: eating, sucking Anal- retention and expulsion of feces feels in control Phallic-discovers and focuses on genitals oepidal conflict with parents Latency-until puberty looses interest in sex and genders Genital- until death focuses on mature adult sexual issues... intercourse, finding a partner |
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Defense Mechanisms
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-unconscious strategies that ppl use to reduce anxiety by concealing its source
-repression |
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Karen Horney
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Neo Freudian
>women's issues >personality develops in context of social relationships between parent and child ex)lack of father figure resulted to her sexual attachment issues |
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The Big Five
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openness
conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism |
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Erogenous Zones
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areas that increase nerve receptors that are particularly sensitive to touch
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Virginia Johnson and
William Masters |
1. Excitement phase
arousing stimulus begins a sequence prepares genitals for sex 2. Plateau Phase body's prep for orgasm, biological reason for orgasms 3. Resolution Stage back to resting stage reverses change brought on by arousal 4. Refractory Period unable to develop an erection and unable to ejaculate |
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Kinsey Continuum
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0 exclusively hetero
1 primarily hetero/homo incidents 2 primarily hetero/more occurances 3 equally hetero/homo 4 primarily homo/ hetero incident 5 primarily homo/ more occurrences 6 exclusively homo |
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Psychoanalysis
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goal is to release hidden unconscious thoughts and feelings in order to reduce their power
-free assoc -dream anaylsis -transference |
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Behavioral Treatment
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make the fundamental assumption that both abnormal and normal behavior are LEARNED by good/bad consequences
CC= aversive conditioning, systematic desensitation, exposure treatments operent= token system, constingency contract, observational learning |
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Cognitive Treatment
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therapists attempt to change the way ppl think as well as their behavior
-highly structured and focused on concrete probs ex) depressed chick who wrote nice things in her notebook |
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Humanistic Treatment
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group therapy.... helps put issues into perspective
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Social psych
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study of how people's thoughts and feelings and actions are affected by others
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Research design for cause and effect- experimental
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investigation of relationship between 2 or more variable by deliberately producing a change in one variable in a situation and observing the effects of that change.
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Correlation method
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two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated or "correlated"
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Natural observation
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research in which an investigator simply observes some naturally occuring behavior and does not make a change in the situation
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cross sectional and longitudinal designs
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compares ppl of different ages at the same point in time
investigates behavior as participants age |
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quasi- experimental design
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like experimental design, but lacks the random assignment
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range of correlation score
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pos, neg, zero
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parts of the neuron
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cell body
axon dendrites terminal buttons synapse |
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nervous system
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central nervous system
-spinal chord... relfex and sensory motor ex) jerking hand away from burner peripheral nervous system -somatic... VOLUNTARY eating, working out, scratching -autonomic...INVOLUNTARY >sympathetic... acts to prepare the body for action- fight or flight EXPENDS ENERGY >parasympathetic... calms body after crisis back to normal state >MENDS ENERYGY |
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what is an axon?
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the cylindrical part of the neuron that impulses travel through
pos and neg charge- all or nothing principal |
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brain imaging tools
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eeg- waves and spikes
fmri- picture pet- detailed brain tms- 3d image |
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limbic system
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amygdala and hippcampus
controls eating, agression, and reproduction. basic needs |
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neo cortex
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newest part of cerebral cortex- ability to think and reason and make complex judgements
-frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital |
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the difference between sensing and perceiving
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activation of sense organs by a source oh physical energy
sorting out, interp, analysis and integration of stimuli carried out by the sense organs and the brain |
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parts of the eye
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cornea
pupil iris lens retina optic nerve fovea cones and rods |
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bones in the inner ear
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hammer- vibrates against anvil
anvil- carries sound to stirrup stirrup- causes a membrane covering the opening the inner ear to vibrate |
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what are natural pain killers?
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endorphins
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what percent of people believe in ESP?
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over half the us population
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stages of sleep
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1- transition between wakefulness and sleep- rapid low amp brain waves
2- deeper, slow reg. sleep spindles 3-slow waves, great peaks and valeys 4-deepest stage least responsive to outside stimuli rem- dreaming and paralyzed body |
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sleep problems
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insomnia- inability to fall and stay asleep
sleep apnea- stop breathing during sleep night terrors- in children very violent screaming don't remember narcolepsy- randomly falling asleep sleep talking and walking |
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biopsych reasons for sleep
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sleep deprivation results in death
conserve energy at night repair brain cells |
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latent and manifest content of dreams
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freud;
"disguised" meaning of dreams hidden by obvious subjects the apparent story line of dreams |
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why is it so difficult to retrieve a memory from long term memory?
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levels of processing theory
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stereotype
prototype |
set of generalized beliefs and expectations about a group and its members
typical highly reped samples of a concept |
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means end
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repeated testing for differences between desired outcome and what currently exists
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difference between sex and gender
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gender is an assumed role that society decides what is appropriate.
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alfred kinsey
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sexual survey, masterbation: solitary sex
sexual self stimulation the kinsey continuum |
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3 ways to comm better
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-Make a list of health-related concerns before you visit a health-care provider.
-Write down the names & dosages of every drug you are taking. -Take along an advocate to help you communicate better. |
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reducing discrimination
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-Increase contact between the target of stereotyping & the holder of the stereotype.
-Make values & norms against prejudice/discrimination more apparent to others. -Provide reasoning/info behind behaviors others might find puzzling. |
