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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is temperment? how does early childhood temperment affect adults. |
An ndividual’s behavioral style andcharacteristic emotional responses. Easy at 3-5 years leads to well adjusted youngadults. Difficult temperments at 3-5 are not well adjusted as young adults. |
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how does inhibition at childhood affect adults. |
If there is inhibited temperament in childhood, they are less likely to be assertive adults, more likely to delay entering a stable job track. |
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Chapter 14 |
SocioemotionalDevelopment in Early Adulthood |
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How does the ability to control ones emotions at childhood affect them as adults? |
If good control of emotions at 3 thenbetter control as adults. |
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What are the three types of attachment? Can intervening events alter their course? |
Secure attachment style:Have a positive view of relationships and find it easy to get close to others. Avoidant attachment style: Arehesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships. Anxious attachment style:Demand closeness, are less trusting, more emotional, jealous, and possessive. Yes. |
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What are the intervening contexts (child giver, physical environment, peers, schools) that lead to an OUTGOING, SOCIAL AND EMOTIONALLY STABLE ADULT. |
Caregiver that are senistive and let the child set the pace. Defensible locations a child can retreat to. Groups with other inhibited children where he/she feels comfortable. Schools are undermanned so the child feels they make a contribution. |
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What are the intervening contexts (child giver, physical environment, peers, schools) that lead TO INTROVERSION AND EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS? |
Care giver tries to force a child into a situation. Continuous noisy, chaotic environments with no escape. athletic extrovert peer that make child uncomfortable. Schools are overmanned and the child feels undervalued. |
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What are factors of attraction? |
First impressions. Familiarity and similarity. People seek others that have similiar attitudes, values and lifestyles. |
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Consensual validation |
Our own attitudes and values are supported when someone else’s are similar to ours. |
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Physical attractiveness |
Standards of what is attractive change over time and across cultures. |
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Matching hypothesis |
We choose partners who match our own level of attractiveness. |
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What are stereotypes and common problems with single adults? |
Stereotypes - Swinging single to the desperatelylonely, suicidal single. Common problems - Forming intimate relationships with otheradults. Confronting loneliness. Finding a place in a society that ismarriage-oriented. |
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What are advantages of being single. |
•Having time to make decisions about one’slife course. •Time to develop personal resources tomeet goals . •Freedom to make autonomous decisions. •Pursue one’s own schedule and interests. •Opportunities to explore new places andtry out new things. •Privacy. |
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What are cohabiting adults and what are some reasons people cohabit? |
Living together in a sexual relationshipwithout being married; in order to, •Spend time together. •Share expenses . •Evaluate compatibility. |
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What are some results in marriage of people that cohabit? What is the trend with people cohabiting? |
They have a lower marital satisfaction and increased likelihood of divorce. Cohabitation has increased since 1960. |
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How long is the average marriage in the US? Is marriage in adolescence more likely to end in divorce? Have marriage rates increased or decreased in recent years? What was and now is the average age of marriage? |
9 years. Yes. Decreased. From 26 to 28 years old. |
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What is the difference in opinions between males and females in their views of a "very happy" marriage? |
Males have higher trends than females due to various cultural and gender views on how the roles should act and see themselves. |
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Do aspects of marriage vary between cultures? What are some examples? |
Yes. Domesticity. Religious beliefs. |
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What are some parts of premarital education? |
•Occurs in a group . •Focuses on relationship advice. •lasts 2 to 20 hours an average of 8. •Lower risk of subsequent marital distressand divorce |
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What are benefits of a good marriage? |
Cause happier people which leads to: longer lifespan, healthier lives, feeling less physical and emotional stress. |
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List 6 factors that lead to divorce. |
•Youthful marriage. •Low educational level. •Low income level. •Not having a religious affiliation. •Having divorced parents. •Having a baby before marriage |
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At what year does divorce drastically drop off? why? |
9. Various reasons including partners having settled into their own idenities, developed tools to help improve communication, trust etc. |
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What tends to happen with remarried adults. |
Remarriage occurs faster for those who initiated the divorce, they are more unstable than the first marriage, have higher rates of depression but improved financial stability. |
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What are the six pathways in exiting a divorce? |
•The enhancers. •The good-enoughs - Tend to find themselves with the same type of person from before. •The seekers. •The libertines - redefine themselves with partying sex, normally ends in disallusionment. •The competent loners. •The defeated. |
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How do gay and lesbian relationships compare with heterosexual ones? what are some misconceptions? |
They are very similar. That masculine and feminine roles are important and existent in most couples. Gay people are promiscuous. They prefer short term relationships. |
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What are the 7 principles for making a marriage work? |
•Establishing love maps. •Nurturing fondness and admiration. •Turning toward each other instead of away. •Letting your partner influence you. •Solving solvable conflicts. •Overcoming gridlock. •Creating shared meaning. |
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What are some parenting myths? |
The birth of a child will save a failingmarriage. The child will think, feel, and behavelike the parents did in their childhood. Having a child gives the parents a secondchance at achievement. Parenting is an instinct and requires notraining. |
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What are some trends in childbearing |
By giving birth to fewer children andreducing the demands of child care, women free up a significant portion oftheir life spans for other endeavors. •Men are apt to invest a greater amount oftime in fathering. •Parental care is often supplemented byinstitutional care. |
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Chapter 16 |
Socioemotional Development in Middle Adulthood |
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According to Erikson what Do adults do to their children? |
–Erikson’s generativity versus stagnation •Generativity - Adults’ desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation–Developed in a number of ways »Biological generativity »Parental generativity »Work generativity »Cultural generativity |
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According to Levinson vs Vaillants grant study how pervasive are midlife crises? |
–Levinson finds 70-80% of men found midlife difficult, qualitative study. –Vaillant finds the 40s are a decade of reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adult years and only a minority experience a crisis |
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What is the expanded view of midlife crises? |
Several studies find only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis and most have been exaggerated. In those where it occurs there is sometimes a triggeringevent |
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Who experiences more emotional instability? men or women? what are the percentages at age range? |
Women at 12% roughly, from 33 to 53. Men at 9% roughly, from 33 to 53. |
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What are individual variations in personality theories? |
•Middle-aged adults interpret, shape,alter, and give meaning to their lives •Triggered by life events such as job loss, financial problems, or illness. |
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What is the life events approach? what does individual development depend on? |
–Contemporary life-events approach: How life events influence the individual’s development depends on: •Life event itself. •Mediating factors. •Individual’s adaptation to the life event. •Life-stage context. •Sociohistorical context. |
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Describe a life event framework. |
Life event Context -> Life event (marriage, accident, deployment) <-> Mediating variable (family support, intelligence) or Adaptation process (coping strategies, appraisal of threat). <---Sociohistorical context. |
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What are drawbacks to the life events approach on how people deal with stress? |
•Life-events approach places too much emphasis on change, not adequately recognizing stability. •It may not be life’s major events that are the primary sources of stress –Daily experiences. |
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Top ten most frequent hassles of life. |
Weight. Health of family member. Rising price of goods. Home maintenance. To many things to do. Misplacing things. Yard work or home maintenance. money. crime. Physical appearance. |
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Top ten Daily uplifts. |
Relating well with spouse. Relating well with friends. Completing a task. Feeling healthy. Getting enough sleep. Eating out. Meeting your responsibilities. |
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How does stress, personal control, and age affect middle-aged adults. |
•Middle-aged adults experience more overload stressors that involve juggling too many activities at once. •Some aspects of perceived personal control increase with age while others decrease (learned helplessness). |
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What are stresses of Healthcare and institutionalization. |
•Obedience to Authority and Rules/Procedures •Lowest Common Denominator. •Unhealthy Models. •Depersonalization. •Deindividuation. •Learned Helplessness. •Locus of Control. |
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Fight-or-flight |
Type of behavior men engage in when they experience stress becoming aggressive, socially withdrawn, or drink alcohol. |
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Tend-and-befriend |
Type of behavior women engage in when they experience stress seeking social alliances with others. |
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What are the three contexts of midlife development. |
Historical. Gender. Cultural. |
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What is a historical context of midlife development? |
(Cohort effects)•Changing historical times and different social expectations influence:–How different cohorts move through the life span. •Social clock: Timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life’s tasks. |
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What is a gender context of midlife development? |
Stage theories have a male bias •The demands of balancing career and family are usually not experienced as intensely by men |
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What is a Cultural context of midlife development? |
The concept of middle age is unclear or absent in many cultures. –It is common in nonindustrialized societies to describe individuals as young or old but not as middle-aged. |
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What information do we have on longitudinal studies about stability and change in middle-aged adults. |
–Costa and McCrae’s Baltimore Study (20-96years old, began in the 1950s) focusing on the big five factors of personality and found stability, more recent studies indicate developmental changes –OCEAN scores can be predictive of health problems (BP, work days missed due to health) |
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Define O.C.E.A.N as part of the big five factors of personality. |
Openess- imagination/practical, Variety/routine Conscientiousness - Careful/careless Extraversion - sociable/retring Agreeableness - Trusting/suspicious. Neuroticism - Calm/anxious, secure/insecure. |
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What did the berkeley longitudinal study in the 1920's show? |
•Intellectual orientation,self-confidence, and openness to new experience were the more stable traits. •Characteristics that changed the most –Extent to which individuals were nurturant or hostile. –Whether or not they had good self-control |
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What are the links between Characteristics at Age 50 and Health and Happiness at Age 75 to 80 |
Showed increases when an individual was: Non smoker, no alcohol, married, some excercise, not overweight, good coping skills. |
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What conclusions can be made for stability and change in middle aged adults? |
Personality traits continue to change during the adult years, even into late adulthood. Meta analysis of 92 longitudinal studies indicate the greatest change in personality in 20-40 year age range. Cumulative personality model - With time and age, people become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that promote the stability of personality. |
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What is the empty nest syndrome? and what occurs for most parents? what is a common occurrence? |
A decrease in marital satisfaction after children leave the home for those living vicariously through children. An increase in marital satisfaction. Refilling the empty nest resulting in loss of privacy. |
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Chapter 17 |
Physical development in late adulthood. |
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Define life expectancy and life span. |
Life span:Maximum number of years an individual can live, Between 120 - 125 years. Life expectancy: Number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live to. |
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What is the current life expectancy? |
78.7 total, 81.1 for women, 76.3 for men. this number, 88 for seven day adventists. US is ranked 50th out of 221 |
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Why do women outlive men? |
lifestyle factors - men have a higher death rate due to medical issues. Biological factors - Women are more resistant to infection, degenerative diseases. Estrogen is a protection men don't have. |
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Who are centenarians? what is the trend with them, what are factors attributing to this trend. |
People who live more than 100 years. Increasing at a rate of 7% a year. Factors for longer lives - Compression of morality, genes, diet, activity, stress coping abilities, community resources. |
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define young old and oldest old. |
Young old are aged 65 to 85 Oldest-old are aged 85 or more. Functional age - Person’s actual abilityto function. |
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What are the 5 biological theories of aging |
Evolutionary aging. Cellular clock aging. Free radical theory. Mitochondrial theory. Horomonal stress theory. |
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Explain these theories. |
EvolutionaryTheory:Naturalselection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptivecharacteristics in older adults CellularClock Theory:Cellscan divide a maximum of 75 to 80 times. Free-RadicalTheory:Peopleage because normal metabolic processes within cells produce unstable oxygenmolecules that ricochet around inside cells damaging DNA and cellularstructures. MitochondrialTheory:Aging is caused by the decay of mitochondria , may produce free radicals. HormonalStress Theory:Aging in the body’s hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increasethe likelihood of disease. |
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What happens to an aging brain? |
Shrinking, slowing brain - it loses 5 to 10 percent of its weightbetween the ages of 20 and 90 years. •Brain volume decreases due to: Shrinkage of neurons, lower numbers of synapses reduced length of axon and minor loss of neurons. |
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What else is occurring in the brain in late adulthood. |
•Prefontal cortex shrinks the most, slowerprocessing of information. •Demyelination associated with informationprocessing occurs with aging. •Reduction in production of acetylcholinelinked with memory decline. •Reductions in dopamine related to motordecline and planning. •Slowing of function in the brain andspinal cord begins in middle adulthood and accelerates in late adulthood –Affecting physical coordination andintellectual performance. |
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How does the brain adapt with age? |
Neurogenesis:Generation of new neurons, especially in hippocampus and olfactory bulb, onlylast weeks, research ongoing •Dendritic growth can occur, even in olderadults. •Decrease in lateralization–Improves cognitive functioning. |
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What did the nun study show? |
Idea density (linguistic abilities) at 22years linked with higher brain weight, fewer cognitive impairments at 75-95. •Positive emotions early linked tolongevity. •Nuns who taught, fewer declines incognition. |
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How is sleep affected in late adulthood? What are strategies to help older adults sleep better? |
Fifty percent of older adults complain ofhaving difficulty sleeping, these issues result in earlier death and is linked to a lower level of cognitivefunctioning. Avoiding caffeine, over-the-counter sleep remedies, staying physically active during the day, mentally active and limiting naps. |
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How is the immune system affected in late adulthood? |
Declines in functioning with age. •Extended duration of stress anddiminished restorative processes. •Malnutrition involving low levels ofprotein–Exercise improves the immune system, andinfluenza vaccination is important at older age. |
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How is physical appearance and movement affected in late adulthood. |
Most noticeable changes are wrinkles andage spots. Become shorter with aging due to bone loss intheir vertebrae. Weight drops after age 60. Muscle loss– Older adults move slower than youngadults. Muscle, bone loss and fat increase with age. |
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What are changes to vision in late adulthood? |
Decrease in: Vision acuity, color, depth perception. Diseases: cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration. |
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What is Cataracts, glaucoma and macular degeneration? |
–Cataracts:Thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque,and distorted –Glaucoma:Damage to the optic nerve because of pressure created by a buildup of fluid inthe eye –Macular degeneration:Deterioration of the macula of the retina, which corresponds to the focalcenter of the visual field |
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How is hearing smelling, taste, touch and pain affected. |
Hearing•Impairments becomes an impediment •Hearing aids and cochlear implantsminimize the problems linked to hearing loss. Smell and taste•Losses begin at about age 60 years Touch and pain •Detect touch less in the lowerextremities•Decreased sensitivity to pain can helpadults to cope with disease and injury but can mask injuries and illnesses that need tobe treated |
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How is the circulatory system and lungs affected in late adulthood. |
–Increase in cardiovascular disorders–High blood pressure can be linked to: •Illness. •Obesity. •Anxiety. •Stiffening of blood vessels. •Lack of exercise. –Lung capacity drops 40 percent betweenthe ages of 20 and 80. |
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How is sexuality affected in late adulthood? |
Orgasm becomes less frequent in maleswith age –Many are sexually active as long as theyare healthy –Therapies have been effective inimproving sexual functioning |
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What are trends with sexual activity by gender at late adulthood? |
Men have 20% more sexual activity than women between 57-85. from 80 to 30% and women from 60 to 15%. |
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What is the most prevelant condition at old age? |
Arthritis, hypertension, hearing impairment, heart issues. |
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–Causes of death in older adults |
•Nearly 60 percent of 65-74 years old die of cancer or cardiovascular disease •75-84 and 85+ age groups –Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death. |
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Exercise in late adult hood |
•Linked to increased longevity andprevention of chronic diseases•Associated with improvement in thetreatment of diseases. •Improves older adults’ cellularfunctioning and immune system functioning. •Optimizes body composition and reduce thedecline in motor skills as aging occurs. •Reduces the likelihood of developingmental health problems•Reduces the negative effects of stress. •Linked to improved brain, cognitive, andaffective functioning. |
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Nutrition and weight in late adulthood. |
•Getting adequate nutrition •Avoiding overweight and obesity •Role of calorie restriction in improving health and extending life. |
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Controversy over vitamins and aging |
•Balanced diet - Needed for successful aging •Antioxidants –Slow the aging process and improve the health –Neutralize free-radical activity –Reduce oxidative stress. |
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How has the development of alternative home andcommunity-based care affected individuals. |
•Decreased the percentage of older adultswho live in nursing homes |
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What are the factors related to health and survival ina nursing home? |
A patient’s feelings of control and self-determination. |
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When individuals have a sense of autonomy what happens. |
Life expectancy increased by 15%. |
