Pys Ch 3 Biological Implications

Front 1

_________ is composed of two hemispheres

Back 1

Cerebrum

Front 2

Nerve cells?

Back 2

Neurons

Front 3

This part of the brain conrols voluntary body movement, permits speaking, thinking, and judgment formation.

Back 3

Frontal lobes

Front 4

This part of the brain controls preconception and interpretation of most sensory information. Touch, pain, taste, and body position.

Back 4

Parietal lobes

Front 5

The part of the brain controls the auditory functions while the lower part is dedicated to short term memory. Also controls a sense of smell, expression of and emotions. Left side is also involved in language interpretation.

Back 5

Temporal lobes

Front 6

This part of the brain is the primary area of visual reception and interpretation.

Back 6

Occipital lobe

Front 7

The ______ connects the cerebrum with lower brain structures.

Back 7

Diencephalon

Front 8

What are the main structures of the diencephalon?

Back 8

Thalamus, hypothalamus, and limbic system.

Front 9

In the diencephalon this integrates all sensory input (except smell) on its way to the cortex. Also is involved with emotions and mood.

Back 9

Thalamus

Front 10

In the diencephalon this regulates anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland. It exerts control over the actions autonomic nervous system, and regulates appetite and temperature.

Back 10

Hypothalamus

Front 11

In the diencephalon this system consists of medially placed cortical and subcortical structures and the fiber tracts connecting them with one another. Is known as the emotional brain.

Back 11

Limbic system

Front 12

The __________ or aka ________ is responsible for the integration of various relexes, including visual, auditory, keeping the head upright and maintaining balance.

Back 12

Mesenchphalon or mid brain

Front 13

This bulbous structure lies between the midbrain, and the medulla and forms a major connection between the cerebellum and the brain steam. It also contains cranial nerves V to VIII and centers for respiration and skeletal muscle tone.

Back 13

Pons

Front 14

The ______ provides a pathway for all ascending and descending fiber tracts. It contains vital centers that heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. Basically the rate center. Cranial nerves IX to XII are housed here.

Back 14

Medulla

Front 15

The ________ are concerned with involuntary movements such as muscular tone and coordination and the maintenance of posture and equilibrium.

Back 15

Cerebellum

Front 16

This is a chemical that is stored in the axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron.

Back 16

Neurotransmitter

Front 17

Molecules situated on cell membranes that are binding sites for neurotransmitters.

Back 17

Receptors

Front 18

__________ are responsible for essential functions in the role of human emotion and behavior. Also, they are the targets of action for many psychotropic medications.

Back 18

Neurotransmitters

Front 19

This cholinergic is the first chemical to be identified as a neurotransmitter, it is implicated in sleep, arousal, pain perception, modulation and coordination of movement, and memory acquisition and retention.

Back 19

Acetylcholine

Front 20

What are the possible implications for metal illness when there is an increase in acetylcholine?

Back 20

depression.

Front 21

What monoanimes is the neuotransmitter associated with the "flight or fight" syndrome of symptoms that occurs in response to stress.

Back 21

Norepinephrine

Front 22

___________ may have a role in the regulation of mood, in cognition perception, in cardiovascular functioning and in sleep and arousal.

Back 22

Norepinephrine

Front 23

What are the possible implications of mental illness in regards to norepinephrine?

Back 23

Levels are decreased in depression and increased in mania, anxiety states and schizophrenia.

Front 24

_____________ is derived form the amino acid tyrosine and may play a role in physical activation of he body.

Back 24

Dopamine

Front 25

What is the function of dopamine?

Back 25

It is involved in the regulation of movements and coordination, emotions, voluntary decision making ability, and because of its influence on the pituitary gland it inhibits the release of prolactin.

Front 26

Low levels of dopamine can indicate?

Back 26

depression

Front 27

High levels of dopamine can indicate?

Back 27

mania and schizophrenia

Front 28

_________ is derived from the dietary amino acid tryptophan. The antidepressant called SSRI block the reuptake of this neurotransmitter to increase levels in the brain.

Back 28

Serotonin

Front 29

What is the function of serotonin?

Back 29

Plays a room in sleep, arousal, libido, appetite, mood, aggression, and pain perception.

Front 30

In increase of levels of serotonin have been implicated in ____________ and _________

Back 30

Schizophrenia, and anxiety

Front 31

Decreased levels of serotonin have been associated with ________

Back 31

Depression

Front 32

____________ is responsible for mediating allergic and inflammatory reactions. Some Data suggest that it may play a role in depressive illness.

Back 32

Histamine

Front 33

_________ This interrupts the progression of electrical impulses at the synaptic junction producing a slowing down of body activity.

Back 33

GABA

Front 34

True or false?

Decreased levels of GABA have been implicated in the etiology of anxiety disorders, movement disorders such as Huntington's disease and various forms of epilepsy.

Back 34

True

Front 35

What is the function of glutamate?

Back 35

It functions in the relay of sensory information and in the regulation of various motor and spinal reflexes.

Front 36

What are the possible implications for metal illness with an increase in glutamate?

Back 36

Certain neurodegenerative disorders such as parkinsons disease.

Front 37

What are the possible implications for mental illness with a decrease in glutamate?

Back 37

Decrease can cause psychotic behavior.

Front 38

What are the functions of endorphins and enkephalins?

Back 38

They have a natural morphine like properties and play a role in pain modulation.

Front 39

What is the function of substance P?

Back 39

Thought to play a role in sensory transmission particularly the regulation of pain.

Front 40

True or false?

Decreased concentrations of substance P has been found in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia of clients with Huntington's disease.

Back 40

True

Front 41

True or false?

High concentrations of somatostain have been reported in brain specimens of clients with Huntington's disease.

Back 41

True

Front 42

True or false?

Low concentrations of somatostain have been reported in clients with Alzheimers disease.

Back 42

true

Front 43

This hormone acts on the kidney and causes an increase in reabspotion to conserve body water and maintain blood pressure.

Back 43

Antidiuretic hormone

Front 44

Polydipsia; altered pain response, and modified sleep patterns have been seen in a dysfunction of this hormone.

Back 44

Anti-diuretic hormone

Front 45

_____ function is the contraction of the uterus fro labor, and the release of breast milk. May play a role in stress response by stimulation of ACTH

Back 45

Oxytocin

Front 46

THe function of this hormone is growth in children, protein synthesis in adults. However, can lead to anorexia nervosa if to much is present.

Back 46

growth hormone

Front 47

If a client comes in complaining of insomnia, anxiety, and emotional labilty you would suspect an increase in this hormone.

Back 47

Thyroid Stimulating hormone

Front 48

True or false

Decreased TSH will lead to depression and fatigue

Back 48

true

Front 49

True or false

If a client labs show an increase in adrenocorticotropic hormone they will be presenting with mood disorders, and psychosis

Back 49

True

Front 50

True or false

If a client labs show a decrease in adrenocorticotropic hormone they will be presenting with depression, apathy and fatigue.

Back 50

true

Front 51

The function of this hormone is the stimulation of secretion of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone it plays a role in ovulation, and spermproduction.

Back 51

Gonadotropic hormone

Front 52

Decreased levels of gonadotropic hormone can lead to?

Back 52

depression and anorexia nervosa

Front 53

Increased levels of Gonadotropic hormone can lead to?

Back 53

increased sexual behavior, and aggressiveness.

Front 54

True or false

If there is an increase of melanocyte stimulating hormone it can lead to depression.

Back 54

True

Front 55

__________ disease is the result of the hyposecretion of the hormones of the adrenal cortex.

Back 55

Addisons disease

Front 56

Hypersecreation of cortisol results in ____________ disease and is associated with behaviors such as depression, mania, psychosis, and suicidal ideation.

Back 56

Cushings disease

Front 57

Studies have shown a significant enlargement in cerebral ventricular size in the brains of individuals with this mental disorder.

Back 57

Schizophrenia

Front 58

True or false?

There maybe some correlation between decreased levels of the hormone prolactin and schizophrenia.

Back 58

True

Front 59

True or false?

The nerotransmitter dopamine is elevated in schizophrenia.

Back 59

True

Front 60

True or false?

Dysfunction of the hypothalamus is suggested by alterations in sleep, appetite and sexual behavior.

Back 60

true

Front 61

True or false

The limbic system plays a major role in the discharge of emotions. Stooped posture, motor slowness, and the minor cognitive impairment of depression indicate involvement of the basal ganglia.

Back 61

true

Front 62

True or false?

The cingulate gyrus of the limbic system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of obsessive compulsive disorder.

Back 62

true

Front 63

Why would a doctor order a EEG?

Back 63

A EEG measures brain electroactivityit identifies dysrhythmias, asymmetries, or suppression of brain rhythms. It is used in the diagnosis of epilepsy, neoplasm, stroke, and metabolic or degenerative disease.

Front 64

Why would a doctor order a CT?

Back 64

To detect any possible lesions abscesses,aneurysm, or areas of infraction. This has been used to identify anatomical differences in clients with schizophrenia, organic mental disorders, and bipolar disorder.

Front 65

Why would a doctor order a MRI?

Back 65

It detects brain edema, ischemia, infection, neoplasm, trama, and other changes such as demyelination. Morphological differences between the brains of clients with schizophrenia and those of control subjects have been noted.

Front 66

Why would a doctor order a PET?

Back 66

This test measures specific brain functioning such as glucose metabolism oxygen utilization, blood flow, and in PSY, neurotransmitter receptor interaction.

Front 67

What is a SPECT?

Back 67

Singel photon emission computerized tomography.

Front 68

Why would a doctor order a SPECT?

Back 68

to measure various aspects of brain functioning and to take images of activity in the CSF circulation.