Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (Pdh Complex)

Front 1

what happens during step 2: hydroethyl group -->
acteyl coA + H+

-what attaches to E2? to form ?
-what does CoA cleave off?
end up with ? to where?

Back 1

-alpha lipoic acid attaches to E2 forming lipoamide=acetolipoamide
-CoA cleaves off an acetate group
-get Acetyl CoA-will go to matrix of mitochondria for TCA cycle

Front 2

hydroxyethyl group is then attached to the lipoamide=acetolipoamide because lipoamide is formed by

Back 2

alpha lipoic acid attached to E2

Front 3

what vitamins are required for hydroxyethyl group to acetyl coA + H+?

Back 3

vitamin alpha lipoic acid=active form

vitamin pantothenic acid/active form=coenzyme

Front 4

step 3: H+--> ? with E3

Back 4

H+ --> NADH

-FAD+ -->FADH-->
NAD+ -->NADH=3ATP

-after cleaving off the last molecules, you have a molecule with 2 protons that will be taken off by E3

Front 5

what happens to FAD?

Back 5

it becomes reduced and then oxidized again when reducing NAD ...FADH

Front 6

vitamins required for
H+ to NADH

hint: R.N.

Back 6

Niacin and Riboflavin

Front 7

final products in PDH

hint: C.A.N

Back 7

2 CO2, 2 NADH,
2 ACETYL CoA (x2/glucose because we assume 2 pyruvates)

Front 8

regulation of PDH

NADH:NAD+
-if ratio is high, it means?
-if ratio is low?

Back 8

-there is a lot of energy; slows down PDH (NADH inhibits PDH)
-if low, PDH activity is increased because we need more energy (NAD+ stimulates PDH)

Front 9

NDH inhibits/stimulates PDH?

Back 9

inhibits PDH

Front 10

PDH cycle is active when phosphorylated/or not phosphorylated?

Back 10

not phosphorylated. NAD+ inhibits protein kinases that phosphorylate the PDH complex

Front 11

Ca++/ATP

Ca++ stimulates or inhibits?
ATP stimulates/inhibits?

Back 11

1. Phosphatases which dephosphorylate the PDH are activated by Ca++ so Ca++ is a stimulator
-ATP inhibits (inverse relationship with Ca++)

Front 12

what inhibits PDH COMPLEX?

Back 12

High Acetyl CoA

Front 13

what stimulates PDH Complex?

Back 13

-Cortisol
-Insulin in adipose tissue
-Catecholamines in cardiac tissue
-pyruvate
-dopamine
-norepinenphrine
-epinephrine

Front 14

Kidney:
Vit. D is necessary for ?

if Ca++ is down, phosphate in blood goes ___ to ___ Ca++ in blood stream

Back 14

Ca++ absorption
-low phosphate increases Vit. D in kidney
-if Ca++ goes down, phosphate in blood goes down to increase Ca++ in bloodstream

Front 15

Per one mole of glucose, u get

1. how many CO2
2. how many NADH (? ATP)

Back 15

1. 2 CO2
2. 2 NADH (6 ATP)

Front 16

Per one PDH complex

1. how many CO2
2. how many 1 NADH

Back 16

1. 1 CO2
2. 1 NADH

FORMED 0 FAD B/C ITS ONLY AN INTERMEDIATE

Front 17

MITOCHONDRIA
-toxicity means build up of?

Back 17

are very susceptible to toxins. if there's a toxicity going on,
1. pyruvate will build up in blood.
2. lactic acid
3. pyruvate

Front 18

how do u treat toxicity build up?
1.
2.
3.
4.

to increase/decrease likelihood of collisions?

Back 18

give orthomolecular levels of
-alpha lipoic acid
-pantothenic acid
-riboflavin
-niacin
b/c there must be prob with attachment so increase the likelihood of collisions (saturate the environment)