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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is pysch
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pych
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the mechanism that produces a behavior.
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Physiological explanation
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relates a behavior to the evolutionary history of the species.
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evolutionary explanation
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Uses electrodes on the scalp to record rapid changes in brain electrical activity.
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Electroencephalograph EEG
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records magnectic changes
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Netoencephalograph
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records radioactivity of various brain areas emmitted from injected chemicals
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Positronemission tomography
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uses magnetic detectors outside the head to compare the amounts of hemoglobin with and without oxygen in different brain areas
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functional magnetic resonance imaging
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consists of the brain and the spinal cord
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central nervous system
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consists of bundles of nerves between the spinal cord cord and the rest of the body
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peripheral nervous system
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outer covering of the brain
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cerebral cortex
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at the rear of the head specialized for vision
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occipital lobe
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located at the right and left sides of the head main area for hearing
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temporal lobe
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foward from occipital lobe, is specialized for the body senses including touch pain temperature and awareness
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parietal lobe
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at the foward pole of the brain includes the primary motor cortex important for planned control of movements
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frontal lobe
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anterior sections of the frontal lobe used for organization and planning of movements
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prefontal cortex
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important for hunger, thirst, temp regulation, sex, and other motivated behaviors.
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Hypothalmus
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control the muscles of the head
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medulla
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important for aim and timing part of the hindbrain
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cerebellum
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closely associated with the spinal cord, controls the internal organs such as the heart
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autonomic nervous system
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set of glands that produce hormones and release them into the blood
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endocrine system
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a set of axons that connect the left anf right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
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corpus callosum
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a condition in which cells somewhere in the brain emite abnormal rhythmic, spontaneous impulses
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epilepsy
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the question of how seperate brain areas comnine forces to produce a unified perception of a single object
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binding problem
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the brain processes information in these nerve cells
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neurons
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support neurons in many ways such as by insulating them, synchronizing activity aomong neighboring neurons and removing waste products
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glia
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contains nucleus of the cell
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cell body
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widley branching structures that receive transmissions from other neurons
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dendrites
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single, long, thin, straight fiber with branches near its tip
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axon
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an excitation that travels along an axon at a constant strength, no matter how far it must travel
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axon potential
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an electrical polarization across the membrane of an axon
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resting potential
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axon has several branches each ending with a little buldge
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presynaptic ending or terminal bouton
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specialized junction between one neuron and another, a neuron releases a chemical that either excites or inhibits the next neuron
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synapse
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a chemical that can activate receptors on other neurons
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neurotransmitter
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the neuron of the receiving end of the synapse
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postsynaptic neuron
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a condition that affects about 1% of people over the age of 50, symptoms include diffuculty in initiating voluntary movement, slow movement, tremors, rigitity and depressed mood.
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Parkinsons disease
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automatic connections such as food and a response such as secreting digestive juices
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unconditional reflexes
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process by which an organism learns a new association between two paired stimuli--a neural stimulus and one that already evokes a reflexive response
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classical conditioning or pavlovian conditioning
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a particular stimulus constitantly and automatically elicits a particular response
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unconditioned stimulus
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reponse depends on the preceding conditions
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conditioned stimlus
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process that establishes or strengthens a conditional response
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acquisition
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temporary return of an extinguished response after a delay
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spontaneous recovery
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extinction of a conditioned response from the training stimulus to a similiar stimuli
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stimulus generalization
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previously established association to one stimulus blocks the formation of an association to the added stimulus
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blocking effect
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an event that increases the future probability of the most recent response
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reinforcement
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subject operates on the environment to produce an outcome
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operant conditioning
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instrumental conditioning
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subjects behavior is instrumental in producing the outcome
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reponses of the internal organs
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visceral responses
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movements of leg muscles, arms muslces etc.
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skeletal reponses
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an event that follows a reponse and increases the later probabilty or a frequency of that response
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reinforcer
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the oppurtunity to engage in frequent behavior will reinforce any less frequent behavior
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Premack principle
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says that each of us has a normal or "equilibrium" state in which we spend a certain amount of time on each of various activities
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disequilibrium principle
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unconditioned reinforcers
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primary reinforcers
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secondary reinforcers
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condtioned reinforcers
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decreases the probability of a response
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punishment
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presentation of an event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior
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positive reinforcement
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alse known as punishment because the individual learns to avoid an outcome by being passive
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passive avoidance learning
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kind of reinforcement not a punishment and therefore it increases the frequency of a behavior
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negative reinforcement
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if the response prevents the outcome altogether
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avoidance learning
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it stops some outcome that has already begun
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escape learning
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punishment by avoiding something good
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negative punishment
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omission of the reponse leads to a restoration of the usualy privileges
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omission training
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the more similiar a new stimulusis to the original reinforaced stimulus, the more likely the same response
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stimulus generalization
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a stimulus that indicates which response is appropriate or innapropriate
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discriminative stimulus
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ability of a stimulus to encourage some responses and discourage others
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stimulus control
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establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approximations to it
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shaping
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used to produce sequences of learned behavior
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chaining
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billions used to convey info through the body
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neurons
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take in nuerochemical info
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dendrites
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sends message to next neuron
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axon
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assists in motor functions
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actycholine
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cognitave and motor functioning
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frontal lobe
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visual processing
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occipital lobe
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auditory and processing
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temporal
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sensations of the skin and muscles
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parietal
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visual and spacial processing
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right hemisphere
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language production and comprehension
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left hemisphere
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transfer of functioning that can occur when the brain is damaged
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migration of functioning
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producing the same CR for a similar CS (e.g., anything like a white rat)
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Generalization
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produces a CR for only a very specific CS (e.g. only the specific white rat)
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discrimination
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– every behavior has a consequence, and the consequence determines if the behavior will re-occur (temporal association is no longer required)
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law of effect
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anything that increase the incidence of the behavior to which it is linked
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reinforcement
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anything that decreases the incidence of the behavior to which it is linked
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punishment
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To give praise, love, attention, money, etc.
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positive reinforcer
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To remove an aversive stimulus like pain, noise, etc
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negative reinforcer
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To give a shock, a spanking, a fine, etc.
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positive punisher
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To remove something valued like freedom, attention, etc.
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negative punisher
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best way to acquire a new behavior (or extinguish an existing behavior)
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continuous
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number of responses for the reinforcement
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ratio
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there is an interval of time before the next response is reinforced/punished
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interval
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Pay checks, boss who “checks in” at 9am and 4pm, etc.
- lengthy breaks until interval approaches (bursts of activity) |
fixed interval
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Real estate agent, busy phone line, etc.
- slow but steady rate (busy phone) |
variable interval
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Assembly line worker
- decrease in work after reinforced |
fixed ratio
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Slot machines
- very productive schedule with minimal pausing |
variable ratio
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jolly/happy, lazy
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endomorph
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dominant, athletic
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medomorph
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smart, shy
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ectomorph
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concept that certain stimuli or responses belong together more then others do.
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belonginess
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establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approxiations to it
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shaping
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provide reinforcement for every correct response
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continuous reinforcement
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reinforcment for some responses and not for others
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intermittent reinforcement
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rules and procedures for the delivery of reinforcement
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schedules of reinforcement
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provides reinforcement only after a certain fixed number of correct responses have been made
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fixed-ratio schedule
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similiar to fixed ratio schedule, except that that reinforcement occurs after a variable number of correct responses
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variable-ratio schedule
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provides reinforcement for the first response made after a specific time interval
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fixed-interval schedule
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reinforcement is available after a variable amount of time has elapsed
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variable -interval schedule
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a psychologist tries to remove the reinforcers that sustain some unwanted behavior and provide suitable reinforcers for a more acceptable behavior
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applied behavior analysis and behavior modification
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associating eating something with getting sick
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conditioned taste response
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we learn about many behaviors before we try them
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social learning approach
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activated while you perform a movement and also while you watch someone else perform the same movement
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mirror neurons
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substituting someone elses experience for yours
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vicarious reinforcement or vicarious punishment
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the perception of being able to perform the task successfully
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self-efficacy
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tendency to accept vague descriptions of our personality
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barnun effect
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administered according to rules that specify how to interpret the results
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standardized test
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most widely used personality test consists of true false questions intended to measure certain personality dimensions and clinical conditions such as depression
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Missesota Multiphasic personality inventory or MMPI
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test that consists of pictures and a person is asked to make up a story for each picture, describing what events led up to this scene, what is happening now, and what will happen in the future
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Thematic Apperception Test
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consists of all the consistent ways in which the behavior of one person differs from that of others, especially in social situations
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Personality
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relates personality to the interplay of conflicting forces within the individual, including conscience ones
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psychodynamic theory
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release of pent up emotional tension
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catharsis
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method of explaining and dealing with personality, based on the interplay of conscious and unconscious forces
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psychoanalysis
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the repository of memories, emotions, and thoughts, many of them illogical, that effect our behavior even though we cannot talk about them
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unconscious
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