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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Structuralism--Who?
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William Wundt--Germany
Introduced psychology as a science |
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Structuralism--Basic Premise
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The whole is equal to the sum of its consituent parts
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Functionalism--Who?
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William James
Led the first distinctly American school in the early 20th century |
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Functionalism--Basic Premise
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Psychology is the study of the mind as it functions in adapting to its environment
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Gesalt--Who?
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Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, Kurt Koffka
Against structuralism |
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Gesalt--Basic Premise
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The whole is different than the sum of the constituent parts, it's about the molar aspects of behavior and experience
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Psychoanalysis--Who?
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Sigmund Freud--Austrian physician
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Psychoanalysis--Basic Premise
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Unconscious mental forces direct our everyday behavior...psychological maladjustment results from unresolved conflicts of which a person is unaware
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Freud's stages
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Oral Stage (0 to 2)
Anal Stage (2 to 5) Phallic Stage (5 to 7) Latency Stage (7 to 12) Gender Stage (12 through adulthood) |
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Freud's categories
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Superego--morality principle
Ego--reality principle Id--pleasure principle |
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Behaviorism--Who?
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John Watson
Led the revolt that produced the most influential school of psychology |
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Behaviorism--Basic Premise
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Psychology should study only what can be observed and measured objectively
Psychology is the study of human behavior |
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Structuralism--more
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Analyze onscious processes into their basic elements, discover how these elements became connected, specify the laws governing the connection
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Functionalism--focus
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How the organism adapted to their environment
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Behaviorism--more
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Blank slate theory
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Theory
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an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations
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A theory should ...
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be parsimonious (concise)
organize and link observedfacts offer hypotheses be replicable |
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Variance
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How spread out scores are from the mean
(sum for deviations) ^2/n |
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Standard deviation
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How rare the score is in relation to the mean
square root of the variance |
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Research Methods
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Descriptive
Correlational Experimental |
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Descriptive
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to observe and record behavior
case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observations nothing is manipulated |
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Correlational
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to detect naturally occurring relationships, to assess how well one variable predicts another
gives you predictive power but no causation nothing is manipulated |
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Experimental
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to explore cause and effect
the independent variable is manipulated |
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Independent Variable
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the experimental factor you manipulate; the treatment itself
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Dependent Variable
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the behavior measured, the factor that might be affected by changes in the independent variable
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Experimental condition
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the condition that exposes subjects to one version of the independent variable
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Control condition
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a condition identical to the experimental one, except the independent variable has a different value
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Random assignment
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assigning subjects to conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those in the different conditions
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External Validity
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the degree to which the conclusions in your study would hold for other persons in other places and at other times
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Internal Validity
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the approximate truth about inferences regarding cause and effect or causal relationships
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Test retest validity
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You can expect extreme similarities between the first test and the retest
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Harry Harlow
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infant monkey researcher
to prove that the wellbeing of the child depends on more than just food--contact comfort |
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Rene Spitz
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worked with institutionalized children and discovered that attention and love kept the children alive
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John Bowlby
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stages of reaction to separation--proest, despair, detachment
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Internal Working Model (IWM)
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a template or mold where the infant learns to expect something from others
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Secure Attachment
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saw others as trustworthy and loving, thought they were worthy of love
68% of people infant drives the attachment |
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Anxious/Ambivalent
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saw others as unpredictable, saw self as not worthy, but struggled to be worthy
parents drive the attachment--inconsistent parenting |
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Avoidant
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saw others as unavailable, unloving, unresponsive
saw self as not needing anyone, independent defensive self-reliance |
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Mary Ainsworth
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Strange Situation (explain)
enter, stranger, mother leaves, mother returns stranger leaves, alone, stranger, mother |
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Jerome Kagan
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temperament theorist (before attachment)
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Temperament styles
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Relaxed/easy going
Reactive/difficult |
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Opponent Process Theory
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the system seeks homeostasis
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Medial forebrain bundle
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pleasure/reward segment of our brain
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Nucleus accumbens
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sends signals from the brain distributing feelings
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Neurons
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the way in which we reveive messages, provide information, etc.
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Myelin sheath
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grows as we grow...speeds the rate of transmission from the dendrites to the axon
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Dendrites
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receive an electrical impules and send it through the axon
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Axon
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receive the electrical impulse from the dendrite
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Synaptic gap
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Gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another--releases chemials
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Monoamine oxidase
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clears up the excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic gap
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Alexander Klumsin
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rat cocaine sugar water experiment
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