Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
1. When acetic acid is applied to the cervix during a colposcopy, what is the purpose of it?
a. Normal squamous cells take it up and become a white layer of cells b. The cytokeratin expressed by dysplastic cells precipitate form a white opaque layer of cells c. It turns areas of metaplasia white d. It is specific for HVP lesions |
b. The cytokeratin expressed by dysplastic cells precipitate form a white opaque layer of cells
|
|
|
Which is not an indication for colposcopy?
a. a glandular abnormality on a smear b. a weird looking cervix c. dyspareunia d. 2 LGSIL smears in 12 months |
c. dyspareunia
Although, persistent postcoital bleeding would be |
|
|
What charactersitics are we looking for on a smear? (multi)
a. nucleus/cytoplasmic ratio b. regularity nucleus c. excess mitochondria d. portion of chromatin |
a. nucleus/cytoplasmic ratio
b. regularity nucleus d. portion of chromatin |
|
|
When do cervical changes indicate the presence of cancer?
a. CIN3 b. metaplastic changes c. dysplastic changes in the transformation zone d. a small lesion, that invades the basement membrane |
d. a small lesion, that invades the basement membrane
|
|
|
Cell type:
ectocervix endocervix |
ectocervix: squamous epithelium
endocervix: columnar eipthelium |
|
|
luhols iodine is taken up by
a. normal cells of the endocervix b. normal cells of the endocervix c. dysplasic cells only d. cancerous cells only |
mature squamous cells contain glycogen and take up lugols iodine.
a. normal cells of the ectocervix |
|
|
Which cervical cell type is multilayered & hyperkeratonic?
a. metaplastic b. dysplastic c. endocervix d. normal cervical cells |
b. dyspalstic cells are multilayered, hyperkeratonic and have abnormal vasculature
|
|
|
Which of the following are screening tests in pregnancy?
a. foetal blood sampling b. morphology scan c. cvs d. amniocentesis |
b. morphology scan
|
|
|
in the triple test which of the following increase the risk of down syndrome?
a. AFP raised b. BhCG raised c. Oestriol raised d. PaPP raised |
b. BhCG raised
Triple test: 16 weeks BhCG: high Oestriol: lower AFT:lower Combined test: 11-13+6 wk PaPP: lowered (12wk) BhCG: raised NT: increased |
|
|
What is true about nuchal translucency testing?
a. it is reliable at any stage after 12 weeks b. it is specific to T21 c. an increased NT + normal chromosomes means nothing d. is not meaningful for the risk of T21 unless it is combined with maternal age and serology |
d. is not meaningful for the risk of T21 unless it is combined with maternal age and serology
Further: a. it is reliable at any stage after 12 weeks- window is 11-13+6 weeks, then it resolves even if there is T21 b. it is specific to T21- NOPE c. an increased NT + normal chromosomes means nothing- it increases the risk of other congenital defects, so you do serial US at 16,18, 20 weeks |
|
|
what would the best screening options be for a woman at 8 weeks gestation?
|
Bloods: FBC, syphilis, HIV, HepB, rubella, rhesus status
Plan: dating US 8-10week NT + serology:11-13+6 weeks Morphology scan: 18-20weeks |
|
|
Risk of miscarriage with:
a. CVS b. amniocentesis |
a. CVS: 1/100
b. amniocentesis: 1/200 |
|
|
what is true of amniocentesis?
a. it is done at 10 weeks b. 1/200 risk of miscarriage c. there is a risk of placental mosaicism d. FISH can be done with CVS but not karyotyping |
b. 1/200 risk of miscarriage
Amniocentesis 14 weeks 1/200 risk of miscarriage Results: FISH in 1 day Karyotyping 2-3 weeks |
|
|
A high risk woman wants karyotpying at 15 weeks, does she need CVS or amniocentesis?
|
CVS: 10 weeks on
Amniocentesis: 14 weeks on |
|
|
What does down syndrome mean for the kid? laymans terms
|
Physical and neurodevelopmental problems
Physical: heart defects, duodenal atresia, facies, short stature Neurodevelopment: low IQ, ect. No treatment There is a test Can consider termination of pregnancy |
|
|
prevalence of preterm birth in Australia?
|
7%
|
|
|
What antibiotics do you give in threatened preterm birth?
|
ampicillin
gentamicin |
|
|
under what gestational age do you expect a baby to have trouble sucking?
|
36 weeks
|
|
|
premature neonate problem: 26 weeks (immediate)
|
potential:
1. thermal instability 2. asphyxia- need rescus 3. respiratory distress syndrome (lung collapsed)- treat with surfactant, oxygen therapy:CPAP 4. metabolic disturbances: more likely to by hypoglycaemic, hypocalcaemic, hyponatraemic, and acidotic- monitor and treat 5. higher change of jaundice, treat if the levels get high to prevent brain damage: exchange transfusion or phototherapy 6. feeding problems: tube feeding as babies get suck/gag reflex around week 36 7. renal immaturity 8. patent ductus arterosus: will close with prostaglandins 9. decreased immunity, increased chance of infection 10. higher risk of intraventricular haemorrhage- cool baby at first signs of oedema 11. risk of retinopathy of the newborn, due to eye vessels growing too fast in response to oxygen- incubators can control oxygen exposure, treatment is available |
|
|
premature neonate problem: 26 weeks (long term)
|
long term:
increased risk of respiratory problems, otitis media, feeding problems, reflux, need for hearing aid Increased risk of low IQ, learning difficulties and ADHD Development impairment: 10% severe, 20% mild/moderate BUT they WILL catch up growth wise by around the age of 3 >90% attend normal school programs and there is no significant difference in self esteem. Also, there is a decrease in risk taking behaviour in these children as they grow up. |
