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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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First trimester bleeding?
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Normal intra-uterine pregnancy (implantation hemorrhage)
Abortion Ectopic pregnancy Gestational trophoblastic disease Subchorionic hemorrhage Polyp Cancer Vaginal ulcers |
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Empty sac?
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Normal early IUP
Blighted ovum Ectopic pregnancy (pseudogestational sac) |
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Echogenic central cavity?
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Normal pregnancy:
-Decidua in early, not yet visible IUP -Hemorrhage Ectopic pregnancy: -Decidual reaction Abortion: -Retained products after an incomplete abortion |
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Complex intrauterine mass?
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Missed abortion with placental hydropic degeneration
Fetal demise with retained tissue Molar pregnancy Degenerated uterine fibroid Endometrial carcinoma |
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Elevated MS-AFP?
(2 multiples of median) |
Fetal abnormalities:
-Neural tube defect -Abdominal wall defects -Cystic hygroma -Gastrointestinal obstruction, atresia -Hepatitis -Congenital nephrosis Incorrect dates Multiple gestation Fetal demise Low birth weight Placental abnormalities |
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Low MS-AFP?
(less than 0.5 multiples of median) |
Down syndrome
Trisomy 18 Incorrect dates |
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Predictors of poor outcome?
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Fetal heart motion not seen with CRL > 5mm
Mean sac diameter >8mm and no yolk sac (trans vag) Mean sac diamter >16mm and no fetal pole (trans vag) Beta HCG > 2000 and no gestational sac Heart rate <90 bpm Irregular gestational sac Abnormal yolk sac Absent double decidual sign with mean sac diameter >10mm Empty sac, large sac Large subchorionic hemorrhage <2mm choriodecidual reaction |
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Diffusely enlarged placenta (>4 cm thick)?
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Hydrops fetalis
Maternal diabetes Maternal anemia Congenital infection (TORCH) Intraplacental hematoma Molar change, partial mole |
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Small placenta (Hypoperfusion)?
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Maternal hypertension
Toxemia Severe diabetes IUGR |
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Abnormal placental echotexture?
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Partial mole
Hydropic placenta Hemorrhage or abruption Chorioangiomas Venous lakes Fibrin Intervillous thrombosis Septal cysts Infarcts |
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Solitary umbilical artery?
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Trisomies 13, 18
Holoprosencephaly Skeletal dysplasia Hydrocephalus Omphalocele Hydrothorax Diaphragmatic hernia |
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Enlargement of umbilical cord?
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Edema
Hematoma Cysts (allantoic, omphalmesenteric) Mucoid degeneration of Wharton's Jelly Knots Varices |
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Risk factors for preterm delivery?
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Prior preterm delivery
Multiple gestation Uterine anomaly DES exposure of mother in utero Incompetent cervix Large fibroid Polyhydramnios |
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Abnormal lower uterine segment?
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Prolapse of cord
Incompetent cervix Placenta previa Cerclage Low fibroid |
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Third trimester bleeding?
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Placenta previa
Abruptio placentae Cervical lesions Idiopathic |
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Masses during pregnancy?
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Uterus:
-Fibroid -Focal myometrial contractions -Gestational trophoblastic disease -Hemorrhage Adenexal: -Corpus luteum -Dermoid (fat) -Theca lutein cysts -Other ovarian neoplasms Other: -PID -Appendicial abscesses -Diverticulitis |
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Frequently missed lesions?
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Neural tube defect
Facial anomalies Head anomalies in the near field Heart defects Limb anomalies Difficulties imaging with oligohydramnios |
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Fetal death?
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No fetal heart beat
Absent fetal movement Overlapping skull bones (Spalding's sign) Gross distortion of fetal anatomy (maceration) Soft tissue edema (skin >5mm) Thrombus in fetal heart Gas in fetal heart |
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Supratentorial cystic CNS structures?
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Choroid plexus cysts
Ventriculomegaly, hydrocephalus Hydranencephaly Porencephaly Holoprosencephaly Arachnoid cyst Teratoma |
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Posterior fossa cystic CNS structures?
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Dandy-Walker
Arachnoid cyst Mega cisterna magna |
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Midline cystic CNS structures?
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Cavum septum pellucidum
Dorsal cyst of agenesis of corpus callosum Vein of Galen AVM |
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Hydrocephalus?
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Non-communicating:
-Chiari II -Meningocele -Meningomyelocele -Dandy-Walker -Aqueduct stenosis -Agenesis of corpus callosum Communicating: -Hemorrhage -Infection |
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Cystic head and/or neck masses?
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Cystic hygroma
Encephalocele Hemangioma Teratoma Brachial cleft cyst Thyroglossal duct cyst Umbilical cord tangled around the neck |
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Cystic back masses?
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Neural tube defect
Cystic teratoma |
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Hyperechoic brain mass?
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Hemorrhage
Teratoma Lipoma of corpus callosum |
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Incomplete mineralization of the skull?
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Osteogenesis imperfecta
Achondrogenesis, type 1 Hypophosphatasia |
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Skull deformities?
Lemon sign |
Myelomeningocele
Encephalocele |
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Skull deformities?
Cloverleaf skull |
Craniosynostosis
Thanatophoric dwarfism Other rare skeletal dysplasias |
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Kyphoscoliosis?
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Hemivertebra
Butterfly vertebra VACTERL Limb/body wall complex Any skeletal dysplasia |
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Cystic thoracic masses?
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Diaphragmatic hernia (stomach adjacent to heart)
CCAM (types 1, 2) Bronchogenic cyst Enteric duplication cyst Pericardial cyst Cystic hygroma |
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Solid (echogenic) masses in fetal chest?
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Diaphragmatic hernia
CCAM (Type 3) Pulmonary sequestration Teratoma Rhabdomyoma of the heart |
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Pleural effusion?
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Unilateral usually due to lung masses:
-CHD -Sequestration -CCAM Bilateral: -Fetal hydrops -Pulmonary lymphangiectasia Unilateral or bilateral: -Idiopathic -Infection -Chromosomal abnormalities |
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Absent stomach bubble?
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Oligohydramnios
Swallowing abnormality (CNS) Esophageal atresia Congenital diaphragmatic hernia SItus abnormality Risk of chromosomal anomalies |
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Double bubble sign (associated with polyhydramnios)?
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"LADS"
Ladd's bands Annular pancreas Duodenal atresia Stenosis of the duodenum |
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Dilated bowel?
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Atresia
Stenosis Volvulus Meconium ileus Enteric duplication Hirschsprung's |
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Echnogenic bowel?
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Bowel content as bright as iliac bone
Normal variant during 2nd trimester CF Down's IUGR CMV infection |
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Abnormal calcification in abdomen?
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Meconium peritonitis
Meconium ileus Atresias Volvulus Renal Liver (TORCH infections) Neuroblastoma Teratoma Fetal gallstones |
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Hydronephrosis?
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UPJ obstruction
UVJ obstruction Duplicated collecting system with obstruction of upper pole Bladder outlet obstruction Posterior uretheral valve Prune-Belly syndrome Caudal regression syndrome Megacystitis microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis Ureteral agenesis Maternal drugs Ectopic ureterocele |
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Common renal anomalies?
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Agenesis
Ectopic kidney Hydronephrosis Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease Multicystic dysplastic kidney |
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Echogenic kidneys?
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Reflux
Medical renal disease Multicystic dysplastic kidney |
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Cystic abdominal structures?
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Hydronephrosis, bladder outlet obstruction
Fluid-filled dilated bowel Ascites Meconium pseudocyst Fetus in fetu Mesenteric cysts Urachal cysts Duplication cysts Ovarian cysts Cholecochal cysts |
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Hepatic calcifications?
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TORCH infection
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Hepatic cysts?
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Simple cyst
Polycystic disease Choledochal cyst Caroli's disease Hamartoma |
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Hepatic masses?
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Teratoma
Hepatoblasoma Hemangioma Hemangioendothelioma Hamartoma |
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Splenomegaly?
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Rh immune hydrops
Premature rupture of membranes TORCH infection |
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Ascites?
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Hydrops
Urine ascites Meconium peritonitis Infection Pseudoascites |
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Anterior wall defects?
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Midline:
-Omphalocele -Pentalogy of Cantrell Lateral: -Gastroschisis -Limb/body wall complex -Amniotic band syndrome Infraumbilical: -Bladder or cloacal exstrophy |
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Anomalies in sacral region?
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Teratoma
Meningocele Caudal regression syndrome |
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Fetal extremities fractures?
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Osteogenesis imperfecta
Hypophosphatasia |
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Polydactyly?
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Familial
Trisomy 18, 13 Meckel-Gruber syndrome Jeune's syndrome Short-rib polydactyly syndromes |
