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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a Punnett square?
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A grid for organizing genetic information.
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What does a Punnett square predict and show?
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The probably offspring from two individuals, and the genotype of the offspring for a specific allele.
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If T is for tall height and t is for short height, what is the genotype for a hybrid tall pea plant?
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Tt
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What are placed at the top and sides of the Punnett square?
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Alleles from the parents.
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What is a carrier of a genetic disease?
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A person who is hybrid or heterozygous, that carries the gene but does not show symptoms.
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A homozygous round pea plant and homozygous wrinkled pea plant are crossed All offspring are round. Dominant trait? Recessive?
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Dominant = round
Recessive - wrinkled |
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Test crosses are used to:
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determine the genotype of an unknown organism
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Test crosses are done on:
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plants and domestic animals.
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Test cross a tall pea plant with a homozygous recessive to determine what?
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Whether the tall pea plant is homozygous (TT) or heterozygous (Tt)
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If the test cross is with a homozygous tall pea plant, all the offspring will show:
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the dominant trait of tall
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What is a carrier of a genetic disease?
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A person who is hybrid or heterozygous, that carries the gene but does not show symptoms.
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If the test cross is with a heterozygous tall pea plant, how many offspring will show the recessive trait?
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half
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A homozygous round pea plant and homozygous wrinkled pea plant are crossed All offspring are round. Dominant trait? Recessive?
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Dominant = round
Recessive - wrinkled |
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What is a monohybrid cross?
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A cross that explores the possibilities of only one trait.
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Test crosses are used to:
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determine the genotype of an unknown organism
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What is a dihybrid cross?
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A cross that explores the possibilities of two traits.
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Test crosses are done on:
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plants and domestic animals.
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In pea plants, (Y) yellow is dominant over (y) green. What is the genotype for a hybrid yellow, hybrid smooth pea plant?
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Yy Rr
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Test cross a tall pea plant with a homozygous recessive to determine what?
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Whether the tall pea plant is homozygous (TT) or heterozygous (Tt)
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If the test cross is with a homozygous tall pea plant, all the offspring will show:
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the dominant trait of tall
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What is a carrier of a genetic disease?
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A person who is hybrid or heterozygous, that carries the gene but does not show symptoms.
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If the test cross is with a heterozygous tall pea plant, how many offspring will show the recessive trait?
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half
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A homozygous round pea plant and homozygous wrinkled pea plant are crossed All offspring are round. Dominant trait? Recessive?
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Dominant = round
Recessive - wrinkled |
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Test crosses are used to:
|
determine the genotype of an unknown organism
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What is a monohybrid cross?
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A cross that explores the possibilities of only one trait.
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Test crosses are done on:
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plants and domestic animals.
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What is a dihybrid cross?
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A cross that explores the possibilities of two traits.
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Test cross a tall pea plant with a homozygous recessive to determine what?
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Whether the tall pea plant is homozygous (TT) or heterozygous (Tt)
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In pea plants, (Y) yellow is dominant over (y) green. What is the genotype for a hybrid yellow, hybrid smooth pea plant?
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Yy Rr
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If the test cross is with a homozygous tall pea plant, all the offspring will show:
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the dominant trait of tall
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If the test cross is with a heterozygous tall pea plant, how many offspring will show the recessive trait?
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half
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What is a monohybrid cross?
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A cross that explores the possibilities of only one trait.
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What is a dihybrid cross?
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A cross that explores the possibilities of two traits.
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In pea plants, (Y) yellow is dominant over (y) green. What is the genotype for a hybrid yellow, hybrid smooth pea plant?
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Yy Rr
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Make a Punnett square for a cross between a hybrid yellow, smooth plant (YyRr) and a hybrid yellow, smooth plant (YyRr)
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YYRR YyRr YYRr YyRR
YyRr Yyrr Yyrr yyRr YYrr Yyrr YYrr YyRr YyRR yyRr YyRr yyRR |
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What kind of a cross is a cross between a hybrid yellow, smooth plant (YyRr) and a hybrid yellow, smooth plant (YyRr)
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dihybrid
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What is the ratio of 2 hybrid individuals crossed for 2 traits?
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9:3:3:1
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Cross a purebred axial (AA) pea plant with a terminal plant (aa). What is the Punnet square and the probability of having an axial offspring?
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Aa Aa
Aa Aa 100% |
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Cross a hybrid round seed shape plant (Rr) with a purebred wrinkled seed shape plant (rr). Probability of having round offspring?
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Rr rr
Rr rr 50% |
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Polydactyl (D) is dominant over normal finger and toe count (d) Black fur (F) is dominant over white (f) - cross a hybrid polydactyle black cat and purebread polydactyl hybrid black cat.
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DdFf hybrid polydactyl black
DDFf purebred polydactyl hybrid black DDFF DDFf DdFF DdFf DDFf DDff DdFf Ddff |
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In the cat cross:
chance of purebred black pure bread polydactyl kittens? |
1/8
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In the cat cross:
chance of pure bred, white purebred polydactyl kittens |
1/8
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In the cat cross:
Chance of purebred normal toed kittens: |
0/8
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What is a trait?
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A characteristics that can be passed from parents to offspring.
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What did Aristotle think carried the genetic material and traits?
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blookd
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What did Aristotle call the substance he believed carried the physical features and personality?
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pangenes
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What is the pangene hypothesis?
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The male pangenes are passed during sex, the female pangenes soak into the babies blood while the fetus is growing.
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What is genetics?
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the study of heredity and passing traits from one generation to the next.
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Who studied the traits of pea plants first?
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Gregor Mendel
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What does crossing mean in genetics?
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Fertilizing or mating plants with each other.
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What is a hybrid?
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an organism that has different genetic information for a trait from each parent.
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What is a purebred?
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An organism that has the same genetic information for a trait from each parent.
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What is the blending hypothesis?
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That if tall and short plants are crossed the offspring would be medium plants, blending the traits.
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What is a dominant trait?
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One that is seen in the offspring if the offspring is hybrid.
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What is a recessive trait?
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One that is not shown in the offspring if it is hybrid.
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A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a:
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protein
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A person with a recessive trait usually lacks the gene to make
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a certain protein.
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What is a recessive trait?
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One that is not shown in the offspring if it is hybrid.
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Alleles are:
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different versions of traits such as dominant and recessive
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A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a:
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protein
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How many alleles are there for each trait?
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Sometimes 2 sometimes multiple
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A person with a recessive trait usually lacks the gene to make
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a certain protein.
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What is the Law of Segregation?
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When chromosomes separate during meiosis to make gametes, the alleles that are on the chromosomes are separated. Half the gametes have one allele and half have the oterh if hybrid.
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Alleles are:
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different versions of traits such as dominant and recessive
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What is the Law of Dominance?
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In a hybrid organism, the dominant allele will be shown and the recessive gene will be hidden.
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How many alleles are there for each trait?
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Sometimes 2 sometimes multiple
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What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
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Gene pairs segregate into gametes randomly and independently of each other.
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What is the Law of Segregation?
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When chromosomes separate during meiosis to make gametes, the alleles that are on the chromosomes are separated. Half the gametes have one allele and half have the oterh if hybrid.
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What is the genotype?
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the genetic makeup of an organism
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What is the Law of Dominance?
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In a hybrid organism, the dominant allele will be shown and the recessive gene will be hidden.
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What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
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Gene pairs segregate into gametes randomly and independently of each other.
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What is the phenotype?
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what an organism looks like because of its genotype
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What is the genotype?
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the genetic makeup of an organism
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What is the phenotype?
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what an organism looks like because of its genotype
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An organism with two identical alleles for a trait is called
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homozygous
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An organism with two different alleles for a trait is called:
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heterozygous
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A recessive trait can only be expressed in an organism that is
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homozygous recessive
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An organism that is heterozygous expresses what trait?
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dominant
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What is probability?
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The chance of an event's occurrence shown as a fraction
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What does a Punnett square determine?
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the probability of the offspring with one or more traits between two individuals
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What is a pedigree?
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A chart that shows how a trait and the genes that control it are inherited in a family.
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What do shapes and colors represent in a pedigree chart?
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the sex and traits of individuals
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An organism with two identical alleles for a trait is called
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homozygous
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A circle represents a
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female
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An organism with two different alleles for a trait is called:
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heterozygous
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a square represents
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male
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A recessive trait can only be expressed in an organism that is
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homozygous recessive
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An organism that is heterozygous expresses what trait?
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dominant
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What is probability?
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The chance of an event's occurrence shown as a fraction
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What does a Punnett square determine?
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the probability of the offspring with one or more traits between two individuals
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What is a pedigree?
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A chart that shows how a trait and the genes that control it are inherited in a family.
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What do shapes and colors represent in a pedigree chart?
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the sex and traits of individuals
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A circle represents a
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female
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a square represents
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male
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An organism with two identical alleles for a trait is called
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homozygous
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An organism with two different alleles for a trait is called:
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heterozygous
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A recessive trait can only be expressed in an organism that is
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homozygous recessive
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An organism that is heterozygous expresses what trait?
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dominant
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What is probability?
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The chance of an event's occurrence shown as a fraction
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What does a Punnett square determine?
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the probability of the offspring with one or more traits between two individuals
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What is a pedigree?
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A chart that shows how a trait and the genes that control it are inherited in a family.
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What do shapes and colors represent in a pedigree chart?
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the sex and traits of individuals
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A circle represents a
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female
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a square represents
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male
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a horizontal line in a pedigree chart represents
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marriage
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a vertical line represents
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children of a marriage
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a colored shape represents
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a person who has a trait
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a half colored shape represents
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a person who carries a trait
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Roman numerals represent what in a pedigree chart
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generations
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Arabic numbers represent what in a pedigree chart
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individuals
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