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211 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the space within and posterior to the external nose?
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nasal cavity
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What are the external openings leading into the nasal cavity?
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External nares
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External nares are also called
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nostrils
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What keeps the airway open, stops food from entering the airway, produces sound, and is between the trachea and pharynx?
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Larynx
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What is one of the two repspiratory tubes that branch from a tracheea and enter a lung?
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Primary bronchus
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Organ in which gas exchange occurs
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Lungs
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The muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
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Diaphragm
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Respiratory tube that extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi
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Trachea
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Muscular tube extending from the nasal cavity to the esophagus and larynx
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Pharynx
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Also called the throat
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Pharynx
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Moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities
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serous membrane
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What is another term for ventral?
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anterior
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What is the serous membrane associated with lungs?
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Pleurae
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Each lung is surrounded by two layers of serous membrane known as
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pleurae
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The _____ and _____ pleurae are a continuation of the same membrane
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visceral, parietal
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Serous membrane which covers the external surface of each lung
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visceral pleurae
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serous membrane which lines the thoracic wall and the mediastinum and covers the superior surface of the diaphragm on each side of the thoracic cavity
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parietal pleurae
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region of the thoracic cavity between the lungs
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mediastinum
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slit like space between the visceral and parietal pleurae
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pleural cavity
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serous lubricating fluid within the pleural cavity, secreted by pleurae
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pleural fluid
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The ______ and ______ pleurae enclose each lung in a separate sac
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visceral, parietal
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lubricant that assists in breathing
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pleural fluid
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braching network of airways that conducts air within each lung
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bronchial tree
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tough, flexible, supporting connective tissue
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cartilage
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airways that conduct air to the respiratory zones of the lungs
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conducting zones
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respiratory tube that branches from a primary bronchus and leads into one lung lobe
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secondary bronchus
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comes from secondary bronchus and leads into one bronchopulmonary segment of the lung
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tertiary bronchus
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very small air passage without supporting cartilage
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bronchiole
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lung region containing alveoli
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respiratory zone
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elongated air passageway completely lined by alveoli
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alveolar duct
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alveolar ducts end in clusters of
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alveoli
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clusters of alveoli that open into a common space
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alveolar sac
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bronchioles that contain scattered alveoli in their walls
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respiratory bronchiole
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thin walled, gas filled sacs in which gas exchange occurs
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alveoli
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site of exchange between the blood and tissue cells (surround each alveolus)
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capillaries
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Wall of an alveolus is composed of
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simple squamous epithelium
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Simple squamous epithelium cells are also known as
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type I cells
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What are simple squamous epithelium?
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-very thin epithelium made up on one layer of flattened cells
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______ is a protective cell that removes debris and microbes by phagocytosis
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macrophage
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What is an alveolar macrophage?
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dust cell
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the type II cell is
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surfactant secreting cell
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In _______, surface tension is due to attraction between water molecules at the surface of the alveolar fluid
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alveoli
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______ is a mixture of phopsholipids and lipoproteins which lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid
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surfactant
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Repiratory membrane averages _____ in width
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.5 micrometers
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_______ is the extracellular material that supports an epithelial tissue
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basement membrane
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______ is the pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture of gases
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partial pressure
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______ is the exchange of gases between the alveoli in the lungs and the pulmonary capillaries
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external respiration
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______ is the exchange of gases between the tissue cells and the systemic capillaries
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internal respiration
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The chemical substnace or a system that minimizes changes in pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions
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buffer
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molecule found in red blood cells which function in CO2 & O2 transport
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hemoglobin
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Molecule composed of 4 polypeptide chains and 4 red iron containing heme group
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hemoglobin
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The fluid portion of blood
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plasma
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Of the O2 that diffuses from the alveoli, ______% combines with hemoglobin, _______% dissolves in plasma
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98.5, 1.5
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When hemoglobin is full, it is called _______
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saturated
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When hemoglobin is not full, it is called ____________
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partially saturated
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Oxygen binding occurs in response to high _______ in the lungs
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PO2
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oxyhemoglobin is what?
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hemoglobin with O2's attached
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What is it called when hemoglobin's affinity for O2 increases as its saturation increases (and vice versa)?
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cooperative binding
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Hemoglobin saturation is determined by the _____ of oxygen
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partial pressure
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What is the graph of the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and degree of hemoglobin saturation with oxygen?
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Oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve
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oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve is a ____ shaped curve
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S
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Actively contracting muscles use more _____ and has lower ______
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O2, PO2
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As PO2 decreases, what happens with the hemoglobin?
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Releases much more oxygen to the tissues
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What characteristic of pH will decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
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decreas
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What condition in temperature would decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
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Increased Temperature
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What condition in PCO2 would decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
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Higher PCO2
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What condition in BPGwould decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
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HIgher BPG
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When hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen decreases, what happens to the oxygen?
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More oxygen is released to the active muscle cell
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What is BPG?
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2,3 biphosphate, unique compound that binds reversibly with hemoglobin.
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What is BPG produced by?
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red blood cells as they break down glucose by the anaerobic process called glycolysis
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What the oxygen graph, what condition of pH shifts the slope to the right?
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Lower pH
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What the oxygen graph, what condition of pH shifts the slope to the left?
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higher pH
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What the oxygen graph, what condition of temperature shifts the slope to the right?
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higher
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What the oxygen graph, what condition of temperature shifts the slope to the left?
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lower temperature
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What the oxygen graph, what condition of PCO2 shifts the slope to the right?
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higher
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What the oxygen graph, what condition of PCO2 shifts the slope to the left?
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lower
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What the oxygen graph, what condition of BPG shifts the slope to the right?
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Higher
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What the oxygen graph, what condition of BPG shifts the slope to the left?
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lower
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Of the CO2 that diffuses from tissue cells, _______ diffuses into RBC and _______ diffuses into plasma
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93%, 7%
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Of the CO2 that diffuses into red blood cells, ______ combines with hemoglobin and _______ is converted to bicarbonate ions
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23%, 70%
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CO2 binds to hemoglobin at the
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globin or protein part
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What is a form of hemoglobin that is bound to carbon dioxide?
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carbaminohemoglobin
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Where is carbaminohemoglobin found?
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In high regions of high PCO2
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Formation of carbanminohemoglobin is
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reversible
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Formula for carbaminogemoglobin
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Hb + CO2 <---> HbCO2
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Formula for bicarbonate ions
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CO2+ H2O <----(carbonic anhydrase)-->H2CO3<-------> H+ + HCO3-
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In regions with high PCO2, CO2 bind with H2O to form
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carbonic acid
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Carbonic acid dissasociates into
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hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions
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Hydrogen ions bind to hemoglobin making
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HHb
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In the lungs, CO2 diffuses out of the plasma and into the
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alveoli
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When CO2 diffuses into the alveoli, it lowers the PCO2 in the blood, causing what>
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Chemical reactions to reverse
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When bicarbonate ions diffuse into the RBC what diffuses out?
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Chloride ions
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Reverse reaction of bicarbonate ions is also catalyzed by
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carbonic anhydrase
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During quiet inspiration, the muscles contract, increasing _______ while decreasing the ________ within the lungs
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volume, pressure
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Expiration decrease ______ and increases _______
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volume, pressure
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Intrapulmonary pressure is also known as
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intra-alveolar pressure
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What is intrapulmonary (intra-alveolar) pressure?
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pressure within the alveoli
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BEtween breaths, what does the intrapulmonary pressure equal?
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760 mmHg
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What is intrapleural preesure?
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pressure within the pleural cavity
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Intrapleural pressure is always ______ and acts like a
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negative, suction to keep the lungs inflated
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Negative intrapleural pressure due to 3 factors
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1. Surface tension of alveolar fluid,
2.elasticity of lungs 3. elasticity of thoracic wall |
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What is the pneumothorax?
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presence of air in the intrapleural space
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Pneumothorax is reversed by
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closing the hole and drawing excess air out.
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Intrapleural pressure is also known as
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transplumonary pressure
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Lungs have their own ________ cavity and membrane
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pleural
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Method of inspiration
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1.Diaphragm and external muscles contract
2. Volume of thoracic cavity increases 3. Intrapleural pressure becomes more negative 4. Lungs expand 5. INtrapleural pressure becomes negative 6. Air flows into lungs |
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MEthod of Expiration
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1. Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax
2. Volume of thoracic cavity decreases 3. Intrapleural pressure becomes less negative 4. Lungs recoil 5. INtrapulmonary pressure risee above atm pressure 6. air flows out of lungs |
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What two factors affect ventilation?
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1. Resistance within airways(hindrance of airflow)
2. Lung compliance (ease with twhich lungs expand) |
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When the bronchiole contricts there is _______ resistance and less ________
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resistance, airflow
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What is the formula for airflow?
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PRessure/ Resistance
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Histamine is used in _________ and _______ airflow
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allergic reactions, constricts
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Histamine is releases by which cells?
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Basophilis, mast cells, and others
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What is Epinephreine?
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Hormone release by adrenal medulla
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What does Epinephrine do?
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augments the effects of the sympathetic nervous system (adrenaline)
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Lung compliance is determined by
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1. stretchability of elastic fibers within the lungs
2. Surface tension within the alveoli |
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Healthy lungs have _____ compliance because of abundance of elastic connective tissue
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high
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Unhealthy lungs come from
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fibrosis
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What is fibrosis?
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abnormal formation of fibrous connective tissue
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Without surfactant, alveoli have ____ surface tension and will collapse
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high
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High surface tension leads to _____ lung compliance
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low
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What is it when premature babies do not produce enough surfactant to keep alveoli inflated between breaths?
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respiratory distress syndrome
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The control of respiration is tied to the principle of
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homeostasis
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Basic rhthym of breathing is controlled by ___________ located in the medulla and pons
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respiratory centers
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The brainstem includes the
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medulla, midbrain, and pons
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Inspiratory center is also known as the
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dorsal respiratory group
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The inspiratory center sets rhythym by
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automatically intiating inspiration
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The pons connects the
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medulla to the midbrain
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The pons does what?
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Links between different levels of the CNS
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The inferior part of brainstem that contains critical autonomic reflex centers and links the spinal chord and superior regions
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medulla oblongata
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Inspiratory center sends nerve impulses along the ______ to the diaphragm
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phrenic nerve
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Inspiratory center sends nerve impulses alone the ______ to the external intercoastal muscles
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intercoastal nerves
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Normal resting breathing rate is between _____ breaths per minute
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12-15
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When inspiratrion center sends impulses, muscles
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contract
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When inspiration center stops sending signals, muscles
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relax
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expiratory center is in the
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medulla
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What functions during forced expiration, stimulating internal intercoastal and abdominal muscles.
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expiratory center
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Sensory receptors that respond to changes in various dissolved chemicals
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Chemoreceptors
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_______ and _______ chemoreceptors modify basic rhthym of breathing
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central, peripheral
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What does the CSF stand for?
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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What is CSF?
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plasmalike fluid within the brain ventricles, central canala of the spinal cord, and subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spiral chord
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The CSF protects and nourishes the
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CNS
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Central chemoreceptors are located in the
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medula
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What do central chemoreceptors do?
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monitor phCO2 levels in the CSF in the fourth ventricle
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_____ is the most important factor controlling the rate and depth of breathing
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CO2
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_____ ion stimulates censors
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H+ ion
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What are peripheral chemoreceptors?
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aortic bodies and cardoid bodies
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What do peripheral chemoreceptors do?
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monitor PCO2 pH and PO2 of the arterial blood
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Information travels to respiratory centers via the
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vagus and glasio pharyngeal nerves
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In order for peripheral chemoreceptors to produce a reponse, PO2 must drop below
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60mm
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Lower PCO2 and Higher pH produce ______ contraction
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slower
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What are the condition of hyperventilation?
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Low PCO2 and High pH
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What are teh conditions of hypoventilation?
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low PO2 High PCO2 and low pH
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Pain or strong emotions can either ______ or _______ respiratory centers
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stimulate, ingibit
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Pulmonary irritants _____ receptors in the airways
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stimulates
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Chemoreceptor input will eventually override ________
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concious control
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What is the Herin-Breuer relfex?
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inhibitory signals to inspiratory center to protect against excessive stretching of lungs
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What are sensory receptors located in muscles and joints that respond to changes in body position and movement?
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Proprioceptors
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Ventilations increases with exercise, more in _____ than in ________
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depth, role
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Motor areas that stimulate muscles may also stimulate
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respiratory
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_______ in muscles and joints stimulate respiratory as does an increase in body temperature
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proprioceptors
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_____ in the hormone that stimulate the respiratory centers
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hormone
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______ is the neurotransmitter that stimulates the respiratory centers
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norephinephrine
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_____ acid is another stimulus of respiratory centers
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lactic
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What is cranial nerve X?
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vagus nerve
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_____ is a mixed nerve which carries parasympathetic fibers to the viscera and sensory fibers from the aortic bodies and most viscera
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vagus nerve
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Cranial nerve IX
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glossopharyngeal nerve
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______ is a mixed nerve that carries sensory and motor fibers to and from the tongue and pharynx, and carries sensory fibers from the carotid bodies and carotid sinus
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glossopharyngeal nerve
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______ is the diffusion of gases moving in opposite direction
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Gas exchange
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______ is a system of blood vessels that serves gas exchange in the body tissue
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systemic circuit
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system of blood vessels that serves has exchange in the lungs
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pulmonary circuit
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________ law states that the amount of gas which dissolves in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and the solubility of the gas
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Henry's Law
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The amount of gas which dissolves in a liquid is proportional to the what and what of the gas?
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solubility and partial pressure
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_______ is the exchange of gases between the alveoli in the lungs and the pulmonary capillaries
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external respiration
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_______ diffuses from pulmonary capillaries from into
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CO2
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_______ diffuses from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries
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O2
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______ is the exchange of gases between the tissue cells and the systemic capillaries
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Internal respiration
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______ diffuses from systemic capillaries into cells
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O2
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______ diffuses from cells into systemic capillaries
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CO2
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What are the three main factors that affect external respiration?
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1. surface area and structure of the respiratory membrane
2. partial pressure gradients 3. matching alveolar airflow to pulmonary capillary blood flow |
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______ lines the alveoli , is the endothelium of pulmonary capillary walls, and fused basement membranes
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respiratory membrane
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Repiratory membrane is made of
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simle squamos epithelium
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Partial pressures in the lungs are affected by
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1. humidification of air
2. gas exchange between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries 3. Mixing of new and old air |
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For O2 equillibrium, when is it reached?
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first third of the capillary
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Equilibrium of CCO2 is reached within the first
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4/10 of the capillary
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CO2 is very soluble, meaning that is has a ____ pressure gradient
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small
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O2 is not as soluble, thus having a _____ concentration gradient
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large
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the mechanisms which maintain the correction proportion between alveolar airflow and pulmonary capillary blood flow
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ventilation-perfusion coupling
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In regions of high airflow, high PO2 oes what to local arterioles?
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vasolidate
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arterioles are what?
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very small arteries which caryy blood to capillaries
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Vasolidate menas a
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relaxation of smooth muslce in the wall of a blood vessel, enlarging its diameter
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Arterioles respond to a change in ______ while bronchioles ______
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PO2, PCO2
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Low PO2 causes arterioles to ____ and bronchioles to ______
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constrict, dialate
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Internal respiration depends on
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1. available surface area,
2.Partial pressure gradients 3. rate of blood flow |
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Metabolic rate is the
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body's rate of energy expenditure, the total heat produced by all chemical reaction and mechanical work of the body
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Extracellular membrane that supports an epithelial tissue
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Basement membrane
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Interstitial fluid
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fluid found in between tissue cells
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Respiratory membrane is comprised of
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Simple squamos epithelium of alveolus and capillary and basement membrane of alveolar and capillary
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Bicarbonate ions act as a _____ to control blood pH
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buffer
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After the bicarbonate ion has dissociated, the H+ ion goes to ______ while the carbonate ion goes out of the cell and _____ comes in
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Hemoglobin, chloride
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When there is low PCO2, the bicarbonate reaction is
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reversed
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Oxygen loading facilitates carbon dioxide unloading from hemoglobin. What is this called?
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Haldane effect
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The interaction between hydrogen ion binding and hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen is called the
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Bohr effect
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The effect of decreased pH on O2 unloading is known as the
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Bohr effect
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Boyle's law examines the relationship between
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pressure and volume
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The difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures is known as the
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transpulmonary pressure
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______ pressure keeps the lungs inflated
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transpulmonary pressure
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Expiratory center is also known as
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the ventral respiratory group
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Systemic circuit allows for gas exchange in the
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body tissues
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Pulmonary circuit allows for gas exchange in the
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lungs
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External respiration deals with the
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lungs
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Internal respiration deals with the
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body tissues
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