Pulmonary Disorders

Front 1

Air trapping

Back 1

The abnormal retention of air in the lungs after expiration. It is observed in obstructive lung diseases such as asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The cause is obstruction such that the patient is unable to expel air completely.

Front 2

Alpha-antitrypsin deficiency

Back 2

is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by defective production of alpha 1-antitrypsin (A1AT), leading to decreased A1AT activity in the blood and lungs, and deposition of excessive abnormal A1AT protein in liver cells.[1] There are several forms and degrees of deficiency. Severe A1A deficiency causes panacinar emphysema and/or COPD in adult life in many people with the condition (especially if they are exposed to cigarette smoke), as well as various liver diseases in a minority of children and adults, and occasionally more unusual problem

Front 3

Asthma

Back 3

Asthma is a predisposition to chronic inflammation of the lungs in which the airways (bronchi) are reversibly narrowed.

Front 4

Atelectasis

Back 4

The lack of gas exchange within alveoli, due to alveolar collapse or fluid consolidation. Collapse Lung.

Front 5

Barrel Chest

Back 5

The term "barrel chest" describes a rounded, bulging chest that resembles the shape of a barrel. Barrel chest isn't a disease, but it may indicate an underlying condition.For example, people who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) — such as emphysema — often develop a slight barrel chest in the later stages of the disease. Because the lungs are chronically overinflated with air, the rib cage stays partially expanded. This makes breathing less efficient and aggravates any existing shortness of breath.

Front 6

Chronic bronchitis

Back 6

Is a chronic inflammation of the bronchi (medium-size airways) in the lungs. It is generally considered one of the two forms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).[1] It is defined clinically as a persistent cough that produces sputum (phlegm) and mucus, for at least three months in two consecutive years.

Front 7

Bronchoconstriction

Back 7

Is the constriction of the airways in the lungs due to the tightening of surrounding smooth muscle, with consequent coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Bronchoconstriction can also be due to an accumulation of thick mucus.

Front 8

bronchospasm

Back 8

Is a sudden constriction of the muscles in the walls of the bronchioles. It is caused by the release (degranulation) of substances from mast cells or basophils under the influence of anaphylatoxins. It causes difficulty in breathing which can be very mild to severe.

Front 9

clubbing

Back 9

A deformity of the fingers and fingernails that is associated with a number of diseases, mostly of the heart and lungs. Thickening of the whole distal (end part of the) finger (resembling a drumstick) .

Front 10

consolidation

Back 10

A clinical term for solidification into a firm, dense mass. Consolidation occurs through accumulation of inflammatory cellular exudate in the alveoli and adjoining ducts. Simply, it is defined as alveolar space that contains liquid instead of gas.

Front 11

COPD

Back 11

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to chronic bronchitis and emphysema, a pair of two commonly co-existing diseases of the lungs in which the airways become narrowed. This leads to a limitation of the flow of air to and from the lungs causing shortness of breath.

Front 12

elastase

Back 12

Enzyme that breaks down elastin, an elastic fibre that, together with collagen, determines the mechanical properties of connective tissue.

Front 13

emphysema

Back 13

A long-term, progressive disease of the lung that primarily causes shortness of breath. In people with emphysema, the lung tissues necessary to support the physical shape and function of the lung are destroyed. It is included in a group of diseases called COPD.

Front 14

granuloma

Back 14

Medical term for a ball-like collection of immune cells which forms when the immune system attempts to wall off substances that it perceives as foreign but is unable to eliminate; an organized collection of macrophages

Front 15

hypercarbia

Back 15

A condition where there is too much carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood; normally triggers a reflex which increases breathing and access to oxygen

Front 16

hyperinflation

Back 16

Where the lung volume is abnormally increased, with increased filling of the alveoli. This results in an increased radiolucency on X-ray, a reduction in lung markings and depression of the diaphragm. It may occur in partial obstruction of a large airway, as in mucous plugs in asthma.

Front 17

pneumonia

Back 17

Abnormal inflammatory condition of the lung. It is often characterized as inflammation of the parenchyma of the lung (that is, the alveoli) and abnormal alveolar filling with fluid (consolidation and exudation).