Pulmonary Disorders

Front 1

Name the 4 types of Pulmonary Disorders.

Back 1

1. Vascular
2. Obstructive
3. Restrictive
4. Infectious

Front 2

Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary embolus
Pulmonary hypertension are what type of disorders?

Back 2

They are Vascular disorders.

Front 3

Name an 2 obstructive disease.

Back 3

Asthma and COPD are both Obstructive disease.

Front 4

Name the 3 types of restrictive diseases.

Back 4

Chest wall - Kyphosis
Pleural - Effusions &
Pneumothorax
Parenchymal - Occupational, ARDS-IRDS and Atelectasis

Front 5

Asthma is an Inflammatory Process. What are the hallmark signs of Asthma?

Back 5

1. Bronchial smooth muscle
constriction
2. Mucosal edema
3. Hypersecretion of mucus.

Front 6

What are the signs and symptoms of asthma?

Back 6

*Indicators
Cough
Wheeze
Respiratory distress assoc with triggers
Decreased PEFR
* Pulmonary function test
Responsiveness to
bronchodilators

Front 7

Name 2 types of Obstructive Diseases.

Back 7

1. Emphysema
2. Chronic Bronchitis

Front 8

What are the characteristics of Emphysema?

Back 8

* Progressive loss of lung
tissue
* "Pink Puffer"
* weight loss
* mild hypoxemia NO
hypercarbia
* Few secretions

Front 9

What are the characteristics of Chronic Bronchitis?

Back 9

* Chronic Airway Inflammation
* "Blue Bloater"
* Obese
* Hypoxemia AND Hypercarbia
* Increased hematocrit
* Cor Pulmonale
* Copious amt secretions

Front 10

What are the 3 Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders?

Back 10

1. Chest wall: stiffness or
deformity
2. Pleural: inflammation or
space-occupying process
3. Parenchymal: fibrosis,
atelectasis, consolidation

Front 11

Give 4 examples of Disorders of the Chest Wall.

Back 11

1. Kyphoscoliosis
2. Congenital malformations
3. Rib fractures/frail chest
4. Pickwickian syndrome

Front 12

Give 2 Pleural Space Disorders.

Back 12

1. Pleural effusions,
accumulations
2. Pneumothorax

Front 13

The Pleural space is a ______ space.

Back 13

"potential" space.

Front 14

What kind of fluid can be in the pleural space?

Back 14

Blood, transudate, exudate, empyema (pus).

Front 15

With a Tension Pneumothorax, (that is with positive pressure in pleural space) what would you expect to see?

Back 15

1. Tracheal shift
2. Cardiac compression
3. Lung deflation

Front 16

Name Restrictive Parenchymal Disorders.

Back 16

Restrictive parenchymal D/O: *Pneumoconioses "Occupational"-"dirt" diseases such as: Black lung (coal), Silicosis (silicon) and Asbestosis. The inert particles are walled off by immune cells that lay down fibrin. Fibrosis-stiff lung (PFT?); Barrier to diffusion (PaO2?)

Front 17

What are the S/S of Viral Pneumonia?

Back 17

Viral: Non productive cough; low grade temp; normal to low WBC; NO consolidation; Minimal V/Q changes; Minimal change on X-ray; Less in severity; No antibiotics.

Front 18

What are the S/S of Bacterial Pneumonia?

Back 18

Bacterial Pneumonia: Productive cough; High fever; Elevated WBC; Yes consolidation; Yes to V/Q changes; Infiltrates on x-ray; More severe; Yes to antibiotics.

Front 19

What is the pathophysiology of Emphysema?

Back 19

1. Imbalance of proteases and
antiproteases.
2. Inflammation leads to
release of proteases
(elastase)from neutrophils.
3. Antiproteases inhibit
elastase.
4. Enzymes break down elastin
leading to emphysema.

Front 20

Autosomal Dominant Disorders follow predictable patterns of inheritance.

Back 20

1. Males and females arer
equally affected.
2. Affected individuals
usually have an affected
parent.
3. Unaffected individuals do
NOT transmit the disease.
4. Offspring of an affected
individual have a 1 in 2
chance of inheriting the
disease.

Front 21

Name 5 Autosomal Dominant Disorders.

Back 21

1. Huntington disease
2. Marfan syndrome
3. Osteogenesis imperfecta
4. Von Willebrand disease
5. Neurofibromatosis

Front 22

What does autosomal recessive mean?

Back 22

Autosomal recessive disorders are due to a mutation of a recessive gene located on one of the autosomes.

Front 23

How many chromosomes are autosomes?

Back 23

22 pairs of chromosomes are autosomes. The remaining pair are the sex chromosomes confering maleness (XY) and femaleness (XX).

Front 24

What is homozygous?

Back 24

Homozygous is when both alleles for a trait are identical, the individual is homozygous for that trait.

Front 25

What is heterozygous?

Back 25

It two different alleles are present, the individual is heterozygous for the trait.

Front 26

Name 5 autosomal recessive disorders.

Back 26

1. Cystic fibrosis
2. PKU
3. Sickle cell anemia
4. Thalassemias
5. Galactosemia

Front 27

Describe Sex-Linked (X-linked) Disorders.

Back 27

Sex linked disorders are due to a mutation of the sex chromosomes.
1. Nealy all X-linked d/o are recessive.
2. They follow predictible patterns of inheritance.
3. Affected individuals are almost always male.
4. Affected fathers transmit the defective gene to NONE of their sons but to ALL of their DAUGHTERS.
5. Unaffected males do NOT carry the defective gene.
6. A carrier female has a 1 in 2 chance of producing an affected son and a carrier daughter.

Front 28

Name 4 X-linked Recessive Disorders.

Back 28

1. Muscular dystrophy
2. Hemophilia A and B
3. Fagile X Syndrome.

Front 29

Name the 3 general types of genetic disorders.

Back 29

1. Chromosomal aberrations
2. Single gene disorders
3. Polygenic disorders

Front 30

What is metastasis?

Back 30

Metastasis is the process whereby cancer cells escape their tissue of origin and initiate new colonies of cancer in distant sites.

Front 31

What is angiogenesis?

Back 31

Angiogenesis is the process of forming new blood vessels.

Front 32

How is bone marrow suppression manifested?

Back 32

Bone marrow suppression is manifested as: anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia.

Front 33

Describe the chain of events required to transmit a disease.

Back 33

Transmission of disease requires a chain of events. 1. passing the pathogen from the reservoir of the infection
2. through a portal of exit 3. to a susceptible host
4. through a portal of entry by a circumscribed mode of transmission.

Front 34

Name the lines of defense to prevent and fight infection.

Back 34

1. Skin and mucous membranes provide the first line of defense through mechanical and biochemical barriers.
2. Shedding of epithelium cilia action, acidic secretions, and enzymes help remove or destroy microorganisms before they gain access to the body.

Front 35

What are bacteria?

Back 35

1. Bacteria are single celled organisms that have no internal organelles.
2. They live in the intestines of humans and other creatures and participate in digestion.
3. They live in the soil and are responsibility for its fertility.

Front 36

What are the 4 major classifications of bacteria based on cell wall and mechanism of movement?

Back 36

1. Gliding bacteria (myxobacteria)
2. Spirochetes (Treponma pallidum)
3. Mycoplasmas (mycoplasma pneumoniae)
4. Rigid bacteria (mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front 37

Name free living bacteria that are classified by their shape and response to Gram staining.

Back 37

1. Cocci are round and nonmotile.
2. Bacilli are rod shaped and may be motile.
3. Spiral

Front 38

Name the four families of parasites.

Back 38

1. Protozoa
2. Nemathelminths (round worms)
3. Platyhelminthses (flat worms)
4. Arthropoda.

Front 39

Name microorganisms responsible for infections in humans.

Back 39

1. bacteria
2. viruses
3. fungi
4. parasites