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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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name the accessory organs of respiration and describe their functions
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Nose, mouth, trachea
Filter, warm, moisten They maintain proper temperature, clean, relatively sterile air |
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name the muscles of respiration
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1. Diaphragm
2. Intercostals 3. Abdominals 4. Accessory muscles: SCM Trapezius Platysma Scalenes |
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what are the 4 volumes of the lungs
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Four volumes
Tidal volume (TV) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) Residual volume (RV) |
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what are the 4 capacities of the lungs
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Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Functional residual capacity (FRC) Vital capacity (VC) Total lung capacity (TLC) |
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capacities are made up of a total of volumes, what are their formulas
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-FRC= ERV + RV
-VC= IRV + TV + ERV (normal process) -TLC= IRV + TV + ERV + RV |
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tidal volume is
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Is the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath
Normal (easy), passive breathing Air exchange is approx. 500ml |
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inspiratory reserve volume is
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Is the extra volume of air that can be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume
Volume above and beyond a normal breath It is approx 3000ml |
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expiratory reserve volume is
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Is the extra amount of air that can be expired by forceful expiration after the end of a normal tidal expiration
Volume beyond normal expiration Is approx 1100mL |
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residual volume is
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Is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration
The air that you can not get out of your lungs Gets bigger as you get older This is approx 1200mL |
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inspiratory capacity is
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This equals the tidal volume (TV) + Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
This is the amount of air a person can breathe beginning at the normal expiratory level and distending the lungs to the maximum amount IC=TV+IRV |
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functional reserve capacity is
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Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + Residual Volume (RV)
This is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration This is the volume of air in lungs before you start a new breath resting state: FRC normally < 50% of Total Lung Capacity (TLC) FRC=ERV+RV |
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total lung capacity is
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Is the maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible inspiratory effort
Approx 5800mL TLC=VC+RV |
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what is the vital capacity
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The maximal amount of air you could move in a single breath
This is approx. b/t 3700-4600mL VC=IRV+TV+ERV VC=TLC-RV |
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what is the forced expiratory volume in 1 second
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(FEV1)
Deep breath, expire as hard and as fast as you can, the amount expired in 1 second is the FEV1 This is approx. 75-80% of the volume capacity |
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Compliance = change V / change P
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C = change V / change P
with lower compliance, a higher transmural pressure (pressure difference outside vs. inside the alveolus) is needed i.e. more work required to breathe eg. pulmonary fibrosis - chest wall is more rigid high compliance often also involves more difficulty expiring (loss of elastic recoil) eg. emphysema |
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Normal composition of Air is:
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Normal composition of Air:
N2: 79% O2: 21% |
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name the 3 forms of CO2 transport in blood:
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3 forms of CO2 transport in blood:
10% dissolved 30% bound to hemoglobin 60% as bicarbonate CO2 diffuses into cells carbonic anhydase in RBC's catalyzes |
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deacribe how the Autonomic Nervous System innervates airway smooth muscle
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Autonomic Nervous System innervates airway smooth muscle
parasympathetic: acetylcholine CONSTRICTS bronchioles sympathetic: norepineprine from nerves or epinephrine in blood DILATE bronchioles |
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describe CO2 role in respiration
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changes in alveolar PCO2 reflected rapidly in PaCO2
central chemoreceptors (medulla): detect CO2 - induced H+ concentration in brain CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) CO2 passes blood brain barrier but H+ doesn't PCO2 above 70 - 80 mm depresses CNS; could cause acidosis Normal 35-45 |
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describe the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
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oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
Right shift increase in PCO2, temp, 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), decreased ph (decreased O2 affinity) Left shift increase in CO2 (increased O2 affinity) |
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name sometypesof Pulmonary gas exchange abnormalities
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Pulmonary gas exchange abnormalities
Hypoventilation Drugs, respiratory center structural damage, neuromuscular ds or chest wall abnormalities Abnormal diffusion increased distance to alveolar capillary membrane, increaseded rate of blood flow or decreased # of open capillaries, reduced driving pressure from alveolus to blood (high altitudes), decrease in equilibration |
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Normal ABG Values:
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Normal Values:
PO2 = 85-95 mm/Hg PCO2 = 38-42 mm/Hg pH = 7.38-7.42 |
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Things that effect PO2:
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1. altitude
A. (O2) at atmosphere 2. Ventilation – perfusion mismatch A. can cause increased atelectasis, COPD, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis, asbestosis 3. Diffusion impairments A. not getting enough circulation to alveoli anemia, pulmonary embolus B. incr. O2 consumption – stress, hyperventilation, thyroid toxicosis, pregnancy, infection 4. Alveolar hyperventilation w/o O2 supplementation A. COPD, asthma, pneumonia |
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Things that effect PO2
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Things that effect PO2:
1. altitude A. (O2) at atmosphere 2. Ventilation – perfusion mismatch A. can cause atelectasis, COPD, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary fibrosis, asbestosis 3. Diffusion impairments A. not getting enough circulation to alveoli anemia, pulmonary embolus B. incr. O2 consumption – stress, hyperventilation, thyroid toxicosis, pregnancy, infection 4. Alveolar hyperventilation w/o O2 supplementation A. COPD, asthma, pneumonia |
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Causes of Hypoventilation
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Causes of Hypoventilation (decr PO2, inc PCO2):
1. Depression of respiratory center CNS disorders, drugs, head trauma 2. Interruption of ventilatory motor nerves & muscles Myasthenia gravis, drugs (muscle relaxants), severe kyphosis or scoliosis, severe arthritis (decreased ability to expand and contract intercostals) 3. Abnormal Lung Mechanism Pleural effusion, pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumothorax, cancer, foreign body obstruction |
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what are causes of metabolic acidosis
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Causes
Uncontrolled DM – ketoacidosis ASA (aspirin) overdose Renal failure – produces inadequate H+ excretion Profuse diarrhea (unretractable) |
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what are causes of metabolic alkalosis
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Causes
Vomiting NG suctioning Diuretic overdose Too much bicarbonate |
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what are causes or respiratory acidosis
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hypoventilation, hypercapnia, central respiratory depression, myasthenia gravis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, muscular dystrophy, asthma, airway obstruction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), increased ventilation-perfusion mismatch, diaphragm dysfunction or paralysis, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, pickwickian syndrome, respiratory muscle fatigue, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchitis, kyphoscoliosis
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what are causesof repiratory alkalosis
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hyperventilation, hypocapnia, mechanical ventilation, alkalemia, hypocalcemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hyperventilation syndrome, anxiety, psychosis, meningitis, cerebrovascular accident, encephalitis, tumor, trauma, hypoxemia, drug reactions, pregnancy, hyperthyroidism, pneumothorax, hemothorax, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, interstitial lung disease, sepsis, hepatic failure, heat exhaustion, metabolic acidosis, severe anemia, pulmonary disease
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