Pulmonary

Front 1

What isthe DRG(Dorsal resp group?

Back 1

A cluster of inspiratory nerve cells located in the medulla that sends efferent impulses to the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles, also receives impulses from peripheral chmoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies.

Front 2

What are where are irritant receptors?

Back 2

located in the epithelium of conducting airways(proximal larger airways, not present in distal airways). Sensitive to noxious aerosols gases, particulate matter stimuli, like dust particles or chemical mists causing bronchoconstriction, increased vent rate and cough.

Front 3

What are where are stretch receptors?

Back 3

are located in the smooth muscle of airways and are sensitive to increases in the size and volume of the lungs. They decrease vent rate and volume when stimuli(like during exercise) to return to homeostasis protecting against over inflation. Also mediator of cough.

Front 4

What are where are J receptors?

Back 4

are located near capillaries of alveolar septum, responsive and sensitive to increased pulmonary capillary pressure. Can initiate rapid shallow breathing, can cause bradycardia and HTN in response to try to reduce capillary pressure and prevent damage to capillaries.

Front 5

What is contained in the mediastinum?

Back 5

contains the heart, great vessels, and esophagus. It is between the two lungs.

Front 6

What is the pleural space?

Back 6

or pleural cavity) with a thin layer of lubercating fluid between the 2 layers and allowing them to slide over one another. This area has a negative pressure (-4 to -10).

Front 7

What is the Pleural cavity?

Back 7

is serous membrane that adheres firmly to the lungs, then folds over and attaches to the chest wall. The membrane covering the lungs is the visceral pleura.
The lining that covers the thoracic cavity is the parietal pleura.

Front 8

What is minute ventilation?

Back 8

or minute volume, is the vent rate per min x the vol of air per breathe

Front 9

What are conducting airways?

Back 9

upper airways, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx.

Front 10

Describe the larynx.

Back 10

is formed of 3 cartilages –the epiglottis, thyroid and cricoid. The arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform are 3 smaller artilages connected by ligaments. These support and prevent collapse of the larynx during inspiration and swallowing. Internal laryngeal muscles control vocal cord length and tension and the external laryngeal muscles move the larynx. Internal muscles contract during swallowing to prevent aspiration into the trachea and contribute to voice pitch.

Front 11

What are the smallest conducting airways

Back 11

terminal bronchioles

Front 12

Which cells in Alveoli act like the skeleton of the alveoli

Back 12

type I cells

Front 13

Which alveolar cell type produces surfactant?

Back 13

type II

Front 14

What does surfactant do?

Back 14

a lipid-protein mix produced by type II cells. It is critical for maintaining alveolar expansion and allows for normal gas exchange. It lines the alveoli and reduces surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse at the end of each exhalation.

Front 15

What is an acius?

Back 15

a unit that includes a terminal bronchiole, alveoli, alveolar duct and vessels.

Front 16

What is the Hila?

Back 16

where the right and left main bronchi enter the lungs. The trachea bifurcates at the carina

Front 17

What is Consolidation?

Back 17

is inflamed lung tissue that causes alveoli to fill with exudate

Front 18

What is Ventilation?

Back 18

is the mechanical movement of gas or air into and out of the lungs.

Front 19

What is Diffusion

Back 19

movement of gases between air spaces(oxygen from the alveoli into the capillary blood)

Front 20

What is perfusion?

Back 20

the movement of blood into and out of the capillary beds of the lungs to body organs and tissues.

Front 21

What is the Bohr effect?

Back 21

deliver O2 to where its needed, pick up CO2 where level is highest.

Front 22

What is dead space?

Back 22

Where there is no gas exchange going on. Anatomical- some blood doesn’t make it to lungs. Resp dead space or physiological dead space. Pulm emboli, anatomical. Alveoli functioning normal, but no perfusion.
An example is emphysema, cystic fibrosis, where many regions are well ventilated but are poorly perfused due to capillary destruction.

Front 23

What is pulmonary shunt?

Back 23

a physiological condition(asthma(bronch constriction), adult resp distress syndrome, pulm edema(alveoli filled with fliud, acute lung injury) which results when the alveoli of the lung are perfused with blood as normal, but ventilation (the supply of air) fails to supply the perfused region.

Front 24

what is orthopnea?

Back 24

difficulty breathing when lying down flat.

Front 25

Kussmaul breathing?

Back 25

increased ventilatory rate, large tidal volumes and no expiratory pause.

Front 26

What is Cheyne Stokes breathing?

Back 26

characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing and apnea.

Front 27

Saccular

Back 27

is when the bronchi become large and balloon-like.

Front 28

Ohms law

Back 28

Resistance-Diameter of the lungs(how much volume)as resistance goes up, airflow goes down. Airflow goes up when change in pressure changes.

Front 29

Boyles law

Back 29

Change in pressure is inversely proportional to volume change, as volume increases, pressure decreases, breathing decreases.

Front 30

What is a choke point?

Back 30

expiratory flow rate becomes force dependant

Front 31

List restrictive lung diseases.

Back 31

Pulm fibrosis, ARDS, Pneumonia, inhalation disorders

Front 32

List obstructive lung diseases.

Back 32

Asthma, bronchitis

Front 33

Define Bronchiolitis

Back 33

an inflammatory obstruction(accumulation of mucus and pus) of the small airways or bronchioles. Most common in children and is caused by a virus.

Front 34

What is a pore of Kohn?

Back 34

septra from one alveoli to the next promoting collateral ventilation and even distribution of air among the alveoli.

Front 35

What is a Pneumothorax?

Back 35

Air in the pleural space. Causes the lung to collapse around the hilus and may push mediastinal contents (heart and great vessels) toward the other lung.

Front 36

What is chronic intrinsic restrictive lung disease?

Back 36

Damage to parenchyma or alveoli from plum HTN, fibrosis,

Front 37

What is chronic extrinsic lung disease?

Back 37

Compressed lungs from thoracic deformity, spine curvature or abnormal chest wall mechanics resulting in increased work of breathing. Flail chest.

Front 38

What is acute intrinsic lung disease?

Back 38

Fluid leakage from the intravascular space into the lung interstitium and alveoli caused by:pneumonia, ARDS, plum edema.

Front 39

Cystic fibrosis

Back 39

decreased chloride secretion and increased sodium and water reabsorption leading to dehydration of the mucous layer coating epithelial cells, defective mucociliary action, and mucous plugging of airways.

Front 40

TB

Back 40

Acid-fast bacillus, airborne transmission, Tubercle formation leading to caseous necrosis. Tuberculosis is very contagious and is transmitted via air droplet