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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are K-RAS, EGFR & c-MYC?
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- oncogenes associated with cancer
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what is atypical adenomatous hyperplasia?
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- precursor for adenocarcinoma
- happens at periphery of lung |
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what is the evolution of the precursor lesion in lung cancer?
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- squamous metaplasia --> dysplasia (mild, moderate, severe/carcinoma in situ --> invasive carcinoma (transgressed BM)
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what are squamous cell carcinomas? what do they look like histologically?
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- central tumors, may cavitate
- histologically: keratin pearls, intercellular bridges - strongly associated with cigarette smoking |
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what is the most common type of lung cancer? what does it look like histologically?
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- adenocarcinoma, not as strongly associated with cigarette smoking as squamous & small cell
- peripheral - histologically: gland or tubule formation, papilla, mucin formation |
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what is bronchioalveolar carcinoma?
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- subtype of adenocarinoma (mucinous or non-mucinous)
- lepidic growth: tumor cells grown along alveolar septa w/ preservation of lung architecture |
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what is lepidic growth?
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- tumor cells grown along alveolar septa w/ preservation of lung architecture
- classic of bronchioalveolar carcinoma (subtype of adenocarcinoma) |
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what is the difference histologically b/w non-mucinous BAC & mutinous?
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- non-mucinous: single nodule or ground glass opacities, consolidation
- mucinous: consolidation, micking pneumonia, ground glass opacities, spread |
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what is large cell carcinoma?
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- poorly differentiated, no glandular or squamous differentiation
- by EM focal glandular or squamous differentiation may be seen |
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what is small cell carcinoma? what do they look like histologically?
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- most aggressive, neuroendocrine differentiation, central tumors
- most metastasized by time of diagnosis = not resectable - Tx: radiation, chemo - most likely to give rise to paraneoplastic syndrome - salt & pepper chromatin, small cells |
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which tumor is most likely to give rise to paraneoplastic syndrome?
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- small cell carcinoma
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what is a combined carcinoma?
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- more than one histological pattern (squamous & small cell)
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what do you see with paraneoplastic syndrome of SIADH?
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- hyponatremia
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which cancer is most likely to produce hypercalcemia?
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- squamous cell carcinoma
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where is the most common hematogenous spread of cancer?
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- adrenal glands (>50%), liver (30-50%), brain (20%), bone (20%)
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what is a carcinoid tumor? what does it look like histologically?
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- neuroendocrine tumor, low grade malignancy
- endobronchial mass or peripheral tumor - nests or ribbons, round nuclei w/ salt & pepper chromatin, no mitoses - see neurosecretory granules |
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what is atypical carcinoid?
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- worse prognosis than typical carcinoid
- focal necrosis, more mitosis, more nuclear atypia |
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what is pulmonary hamartoma?
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- Benign tumor, true neoplasm
- Coin lesion on X ray - Cartilage, fat, respiratory epithlium |
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what is the most common site of cancer metastasis?
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- the lung (via lymph nodes)
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most pleural tumors are what?
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- metastatic (lung & breast most common) - can give rise to pleural effusions
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what are pleural plaques?
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- sign of asbestos exposure, made of collagen & often calcified
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what is malignant mesothelioma? what do they look like histologically?
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- strongly associated with asbestos exposure
- latent period >20 years - not associated with cigarette smoking - poor prognosis - histologically: sarcomatoid type (micro-spindle cells), epithelioid type (tubules or papillae) - EM: long slender microvili - immunohistochemistry: calretinin + |
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most tumors of the head & neck are what type of tumor?
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- squamous cell carcinomas
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what are erythroplakia & leukoplakia?
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- precursors to squamous cell carcinomas in the head & neck
- epithelial hyperplasia (hyperkeratinosis) |
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what are risk factors for head & neck tumors?
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Risk factors: tobacco (smoking/chewing), alcohol, HPV, sun
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what is nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
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- china, asia, africa
- associated with EBV - cervical lymphadenopathy (tend to present w/ metastasis to lymph nodes) - two types: non-keratinizing carcinoma (undifferenaited - lymphoepithelioma), keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma |
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which cancer is associated with EBV?
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- nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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what is carcinoma of the larynx?
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- squamous cell carcinoma
- arise in true vocal cords, aryepiglottic folds, epiglottis - risk factors: alcohol, smoking, asbestos |
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what are nasal polyps?
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- seen in patients with rhinitis
- rare in children except with CF - histology: edematous stroma, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils w/ respiratory epithelium |
