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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Risk?
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Incidence of susceptible
------------------------ time |
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What do you need to know to measure true risk?
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The beginning cohort and follow it to the end of time
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How do you measure risk in a community where the population is always changing?
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By estimating it
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How do you estimate risk?
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Incidents in Time
-------------------------- Avg population during Time |
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What does this population risk estimate give you?
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The incidence rate
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What is the Hazard rate used for?
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Statistical tests of effects on survival when people remain in a study for differing time periods.
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What does the Hazard rate give?
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The instantaneous incidence rate - as the time approaches zero.
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What are 3 things that determine when Incidence Rate is useful?
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-Relatively rare conditions
-Condition is not recurring -Relatively short time interval |
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What is Point prevalence?
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# people with condition today
---------------------------- population of people today |
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What is Period prevalence?
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# of people w/ condition at any time within a PERIOD of time
------------------------------ Average population over period |
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What does longer survival with condition do to prevalence?
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It increases
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What does a net in-migration of cases do to prevalence?
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Increases
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What does faster mortality do to prevalence?
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It decreases
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What does a shorter period of illness (cure) do to prevalence?
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It goes down
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What does net out-migratin of cases do to prevalence?
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It decreases
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How does prevalence differ in an acute vs chronic condition?
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Acute = lower
Chronic = higher |
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What are elements shown to modify risk of health outcomes?
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Risk factors
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How do we normally measure risk of risk factors?
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By doing an RCT or Cohort study
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How do we measure the risk of a risk factor for lead poisoning where we can't give people the illness to measure?
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ESTIMATE using the odds ratio from a case control study!
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What are the 2 things that allow us to use a case-control study?
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-Relatively low disease incidence
-When study biases are controlled |
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When does the ODDS RATIO approximate relative risk?
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When the condition is RARE
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What is the Relative Contribution of a risk factor to a particular condition?
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Attributable risk
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How is Attributable risk calculated?
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RR - 1
------ RR |
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What is the most common activity in medical care for controlling risk?
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Tertiary prevention - medical care of a disease or injury
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What is the cheapest and most cost-effective method of controlling risk?
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Primary prevention - reducing the risk of initiating pathogenesis
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What is secondary prevention?
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Detection of an asymptomatic illness by screening.
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Calculate odds ratio (OR)
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Exposed events
-------------- Nonexposed events |
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Calculate attributable risk
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Exposed risk - Nonexposed risk
------------------------------ Exposed risk |
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Fast way to calculate attributable risk
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OR-1
---- OR |
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What is population attributable risk?
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What proportion of the total population is at risk of an event due to a risk factor
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Calculate population attributable risk
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Risk in Total - Exposed events
--------------------------- Risk in Total |
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Fast way to calculate population attributable risk
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Proportion exp (RR - 1)
----------------------- 1 + (Proprn exp)(RR-1) |
