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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Deficiency Needs
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Basic human needs
1. Biological Needs 2. Safety Needs 3. Belongingness and Love Needs 4. Self- and Social-Esteem Needs |
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Growth needs
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Higher-order human needs
1. Self-actualization 2. Knowledge and Understanding 3. Aesthetic Needs |
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Transaction
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Involves a simultaneous exchange of message between two or more people
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System
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A collection of interdependent parts, parts arranged so that a change in one produces corresponding changes in the remaining parts
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Interdependence
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Exists when things have a reciprocal influence on one another
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Feedback
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Audience members responses, both verbal and nonverbal, to a speaker
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Message
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Meaning produced by communicators
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Content
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Essential meaning of what a speaker wants to convey
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Relational Component
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Collective impact of the verbal and nonverbal components of a message as it is conveyed
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Symbol
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Something that stands for or suggest something else by reason of relationship
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Encoding
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Process by which ideas are translated into a code that can be understood by receiver
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Decoding
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Process by which code is translated back into ideas
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Channel
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Physical medium through which communication occurs
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Perception
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Process by which we give meaning to our experiences
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Audience
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Individuals who share in listening to a speech
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Brainstorming
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Creative process used to generate a large number of ideas
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Credibility
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Degree to which an audience trusts and believes in a speaker
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General Purpose
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Principle function of a speech, inform persuade, entertain
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Specific Purpose
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The goal or objective the speaker hopes to achieve in speaking to a particular audience
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Thesis Statement
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A single declarative sentence that focuses the audience’s attention on the central point of the speech
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Invention
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Creative process by which the substance of the speech is generated
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Preview
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A forecast of the main points of speech
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Main Points
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Key ideas that support the thesis statement
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Signposts
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Transitional statements that bridge main points
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Manuscript Delivery
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Mode of presentation that involves writing out a speech completely and reading it
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Memorized Delivery
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Mode in which speech is written and memorized before being presented
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Impromptu Delivery
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A spontaneous, unrehearsed mode of presenting a speech
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Extemporaneous Delivery
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A mode of presenting that combines careful preparation and spontaneous speaking
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Speech Anxiety
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Unpleasant thoughts or feelings aroused by the anticipation of a real or imagined speech in public
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Communication Apprehension
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Fear about communicating interpersonally and in groups, not just in public
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Physiological Arousal
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Physical change that occur when a personal is aroused, increased pulse or more energy
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Coping Skills
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Mental and physical techniques used to control arousal and anxiety
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Self-Talk
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Communicating silently to oneself (intrapersonal)
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Negative Self-Talk
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A self-defeating pattern of intrapersonal personal communication, self-criticizing, pressuring
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Constructive Self-Talk
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Positive coping statements instead of neg. self-talk
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Visual Imagery
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Process of mentally seeing oneself confidently and successfully performing an action or series of actions
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Listening
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Process of receiving, attending to, and assigning meaning to aural as well as visual and tactile stimuli
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Active Listening
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Listening that involves conscience and responsive participation in communication transaction
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Active Mindfulness
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Degree to which speakers and audiences are consciously aware of the transactions between them
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Selective Attention
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Making a conscious choice to focus on some people and some messages, rather than others
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Sensorial Involvement
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A process that involves listening with all the senses, not simply the sense of hearing
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Comprehension
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That act of understanding
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Retention
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The act of storing what was communicated in either short term or long-term memory
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Culture
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A learned system of beliefs customs and values
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Context
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Information that surrounds an event and contributes to the meaning of the event
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Context
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Information that surrounds an event and contributes to the meaning of the event
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Denotation
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Generally agreed upon meaning of a word, usually found in the dictionary
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Connotation
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The secondary meaning of a word with a strong emotional personal and subjective component
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Pinpoint Concentration
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Listening that focuses on specific details rather than patterns in a message
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Wide-band Concentration
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Listening that focuses on patterns rather than details
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Appreciative Listening
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Listening that involves obtaining sensory stimulation or enjoyment from others
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Critical Listening
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Listening for the purpose of making reasoned judgments about speakers and credibility of their message
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Cross Cue-Checking
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Gauging what a person says verbally against the nonverbal behaviors that make up metacommunication
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Short-Term Goals
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Those ends that we can reasonably expect to achieve in the near term
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Long-Term Goals
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Those ends that we can hope to achieve only over an extended period of time
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Audience Diversity
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Cultural, demographic, and individual characteristics that vary among audience members
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Demographics
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Basic and vital data regarding any population
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Cultural Diversity
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Differences among people in terms of beliefs customs and values- in a sense of their worldview
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Demographic Diversity
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Variations among people in terms of such attributes as socioeconomic background and level of education
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Socioeconomic Status
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Social grouping and economic class to which people belong
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Individual Diversity
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How individuals in an audience differ in terms of knowledge beliefs attitudes value
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Belief
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An assertion about the properties or characteristics of an object
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Primitive Beliefs
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Learned by different contact with the object if belief and reinforced be unanimous social consensus
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Central Beliefs
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Based directly or indirectly on authority
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Peripheral Beliefs
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Least central type of beliefs and easiest to change
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Attitude
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A learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object
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Values
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Our most enduring beliefs about right and wrong
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Rhetorical Situation
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A natural context of persons events objects relations and an exigence (goal) which strongly invites utterance
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Constraint
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Limitation on choices in a speech situation
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Ethics
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System of principles of right and wrong that govern human conduct
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Ethical Relativism
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No universal ethical principles
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Cultural Relativism
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Ethical criteria in one culture should not apply to others
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Universalism
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There are ethical standards that apply to all situations regardless of the group or cultural
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Categorical Imperative
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Kant’s ethical principle that we should act only in way that we would will to an universal law.
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Utilitarianism
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Greatest among of happiness for greatest number of people
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Situational Ethics
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Overriding ethical maxims, but you should set them aside in situations to fulfill a higher law or principle
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Good Reasons
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Statements based on moral principles
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Goodwill
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Perception by the audience that speaker cares about their needs and concerns
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Fact
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Something that is verifiable as true
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Secondary Sources
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Information sources that rely on other primary sources rather than gathering info firsthand
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Primary Source
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Original source of info
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Statistics
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Numerical summaries of data
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Expert Opinion
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Quotation from someone with special credentials on subject matter
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Narrative
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Extended story that is fully developed
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Narrative Probability
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Internal coherence of believability of a narrative
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Narrative Fidelity
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Degree to which a narrative tings true to real life experiences
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Research
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Process of gathering info
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Boolean Operators
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Terms such as: and, or, & not used to narrow or broaden a computerized search or two
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Index
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Listing of sources of info
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Abstract
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Summary of an article or a report
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Main Points
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Key ideas that support the thesis statement of a speech
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Subpoint
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An idea that supports a main point
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Supporting Points
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Idea that supports a subpoint
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Time Pattern
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Patter of organization based on chronology or a sequence of events
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Extended Narrative
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Pattern of organization in which the entire body of the speech is the telling pf a story
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Spatial Pattern
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Pattern of organization based physical space or geography
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Categorical Pattern
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Pattern of organization based on natural divisions in the subject matter
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Problem Solution Pattern
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Analyzes a problem in terms of harm, significance, cause, and proposes a solution that is described, feasible, and advantageous
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Stock Issues Pattern
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4-point pattern of organization that is based on 1. ill, 2. blame, 3. cure, and 4. cost
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Refutational Pattern
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Pattern of organization that involves stating the argument refuted, stating the objection to the argument, proving the objection to the argument, presenting the impact of the refutation
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Casual Pattern
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Moves from cause to effect of effect to cause
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Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
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A 5-step organizational scheme, developed by Alan Monroe, including: 1. attention, 2. need, 3. satisfaction, 4. visualization, 5. action
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Call And Response Pattern
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Call by the speaker followed by response from the audience
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Spiral Pattern
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Employs repetition of points, with points growing in intensity as the speech builds to its conclusion
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Star Pattern
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All the points are of equal importance are presented in order of common theme
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Wave Pattern
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Main theme is represented by a phrase is repeated again and again
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Rhetorical Question
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Question that the audience isn’t expected to answer out loud
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Formal Outline
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Detailed outline used in speech preparation, but not, in most cases, in the actual presentation
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Speaker’s Notes
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Brief notes with key words, usually written on cards, used by a speaker when presenting a speech
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Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
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The idea that what people perceive is influenced by language in which they think and speak
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Receiver-Centric
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Person’s assumption that the meaning he or she gives to a word or phrase is its exclusive meaning
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Inclusive Language
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Language that helps people believe that they not only have a stake in matters of societal importance but also have power in this regard
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Marginalizing Language
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Language that diminishes people’s importance and makes them appear to be less powerful
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Totalizing Language
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Language that defines people exclusively on the basis of a single attribute, such as race
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Competence-Enhancing Language
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Words that emphasize rather than undermine audience perceptions of a speaker’s competence
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Verbal Qualifiers
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Words and phrases that erode the impact of what a speaker says in a speech
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Language Intensity
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Degree to which words and phrases deviate from neutral
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Sexist Language
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Languages such as housewife and fireman, that stereotype gender roles
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Nonverbal Behavior
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Wordless system of communication
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Environment
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Physical surroundings as you speak and distance from audience
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Zone Of Interaction
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Area of audience in which speaker and audience members can make eye contact
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Emblem
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Nonverbal symbol that can be substituted for a word
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Illustrators
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Nonverbal symbols used to visualize what is being spoken
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Regulators
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Nonverbal behaviors that influence the speech transaction
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Self-Adapting Behaviors
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Nonverbal behaviors used to cope with nervousness
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Proactive Delivery
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Planned and rehearsed presentation
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Presentational Media
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Channels of communication that extend the five basic senses: touch, sight, sound, taste, and smell
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Visual Media
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The use of the sense of sight to communicate a message
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Pie Chart
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Graph often used to show proportions of a known quantity
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Line Graph
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Graphic used to shows points in time
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Bar Chart
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Graphic used for comparing data side by side
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Organizational Chart
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Graphic that illustrates hierarchal relationships
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Flow Chart
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Graphic designed to illustrate spatial relationships or sequence of events process
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Flip Chart
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Large tablet used to preview the outline of a presentation or to record info generated by an audience
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Overhead Transparency
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Graphic that can be projected
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Audio Media
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Aural channels you can use to augment your speech, record a famous speaker
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Ganas
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Spanish term that loosely translates as the desire to succeed
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Informative Speaking
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Process by which audience gains new info or perspective on old info
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Learning Styles
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Difference in the way people think and learn about new info
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Audience Involving
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Informative topic and speech that succeeds in gaining the audiences attention
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Audience Appropriate
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Informative topic and speech that takes into account the occasion and audience members’ belief systems
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Audience Accessible
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Content the audience is able to understand, regardless of complexity
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