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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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arrangement
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The strategic process of deciding how to order speech points into a coherent and convincing pattern for your topic and audience; also refers to one of the five parts of the classical canons of rhetoric.
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outlining
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The physical process of plotting speech points on the page in hierarchical order of importance.
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introduction
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The first part of a speech in which the speaker establishes the speech purpose and its relevance to the audience and previews the topic and the main points.
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body
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The part of the speech in which the speaker develops the main points intended to fulfill the speech purpose.
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conclusion
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The part of the speech in which the speaker reiterates the speech purpose, summarizes main points, and leaves the audience with something to think about or act upon.
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main points
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The key ideas or primary points intended to fulfill the speech purpose. Their function is to make claims in support of the thesis. See also subordinate points.
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parallel form
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The statement of equivalent speech points in similar grammatical form and style.
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supporting material
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Information (examples, narratives, testimony, and facts and statistics) that clarifies, elaborates, and verifies the speaker's assertions.
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indentation
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In an outline, the plotting of speech points to indicate their weight relative to one another; subordinate points are placed underneath and to the right of higher-order points.
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roman numeral outline
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An outline format in which main points are enumerated with roman numerals (I, II, III), supporting points with capital letters (A, B, C), third-level points with arabic numerals (1, 2, 3), and fourth-level points with lowercase letters (a, b, c).
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unity
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The quality of a speech in which only those points that are implied by the purpose and thesis statements are included. Nothing is extraneous or tangential. Each main point supports the thesis, and each supporting point provides evidence for the main points.
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coherence
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Clarity and logical consistency within a speech or an argument
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coordination and subordination
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The logical placement of ideas relative to their importance to one another. Ideas that are coordinate are given equal weight. An idea that is subordinate to another is given relatively less weight.
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balance
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A principle that suggests that appropriate emphasis or weight be given to each part of the speech relative to the other parts and to the theme.
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transitions
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Words, phrases, or sentences that tie speech ideas together and enable a speaker to move smoothly from one point to the next.
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full-sentence transistions
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A signal to listeners, in the form of a declarative sentence, that the speaker is turning to another topic.
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signposts
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Conjunctions or phrases (such as “Next,” “First,” “Second,” and so forth) that indicate transitions between supporting points.
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restate-forecast form
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A type of transition in which the speaker restates the point just covered and previews the point to be covered next.
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rhetorical questions
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A question that does not invite an actual response but is used to make the audience think.
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preview statement
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A statement included in the introduction of a speech in which the speaker identifies the main speech points that will be covered in the body of the speech.
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internal preview
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An extended transition used within the body of a speech that alerts audience members to ensuing speech content.
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internal summary
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An extended transition that draws together important ideas before proceeding to another speech point.
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topical pattern of arrangement
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A pattern of organizing main points as subtopics or categories of the speech topic; of all organizational patterns, this one offers the most freedom to structure speech points as desired.
(categorical pattern) |
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chronological pattern of arrangement
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A pattern of organizing speech points in a natural sequential order; it is used when describing a series of events in time or when the topic develops in line with a set pattern of actions or tasks.
(temporal pattern) |
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spatial pattern of arrangement
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A pattern of organizing main points in order of their physical proximity or direction relative to each other; it is used when the purpose of a speech is to describe or explain the physical arrangement of a place, a scene, or an object.
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causal (cause-effect) pattern of arrangement
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A pattern of organizing speech points in order, first of causes and then of effects or vice versa; it is used when the cause-effect relationship is well established.
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problem-solution pattern of arrangement
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A pattern of organizing speech points so that they demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem first, and then provide justification for a proposed solution.
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narrative pattern of arrangement
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A pattern of organizing speech points so that the speech unfolds as a story, with characters, plot, setting, and vivid imagery. In practice, this pattern often is combined with other organizational patterns.
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circular pattern of arrangement
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A pattern of organizing speech points so that one idea leads to another, which leads to a third, and so forth until the speaker arrives back at the speech thesis.
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working outline
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A preparation or rough outline that refines and finalizes the specific speech purpose, firms up and organizes main points, and develops supporting material.
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speaking outline
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A delivery outline to be used when practicing and actually presenting a speech.
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sentence outline
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An outline in which each main and supporting point is stated in sentence form and in precisely the way the speaker wants to express the idea. Generally, sentence outlines are used for working outlines. See also key-word outline and phrase outline.
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phrase outline
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A delivery outline that uses a partial construction of the sentence form of each point instead of using complete sentences that present precise wording for each point. See also key-word outline and sentence outline.
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key-word outline
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The briefest of the three forms of outlines, the key-word outline uses the smallest possible units of understanding associated with a specific point to outline the main and supporting points. See also phrase outline and sentence outline.
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delivery cues
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Brief reminder notes or prompts placed in the speaking outline; can refer to transitions, timing, speaking rate and volume, presentation aids, quotations, statistics, and difficult-to-pronounce or remember names or words.
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anecdote
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A brief story of an interesting, humorous, or real-life incident that links back to the speaker's theme.
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rhetorical questions
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A question that does not invite an actual response but is used to make the audience think.
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ethical appeal
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An attempt to persuade audience members by appealing to speaker credibility.
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call to action
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A challenge to audience members to act in response to a speech, see the problem in a new way, change their beliefs about the problem, or change both their actions and their beliefs with respect to the problem; placed at the conclusion of a speech.
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style
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The speaker's choice of words and sentence structure.
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rhetorical device
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A technique of language to achieve a desired effect.
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jargon
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Specialized terminology developed within a given endeavor or field of study.
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contractions
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Shortened forms of the verb to be and other auxiliary verbs in conjunction with pronouns; the use of contractions makes the speaker's language more concise.
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baised language
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Any language that relies on unfounded assumptions, negative descriptions, or stereotypes of a given group's age, class, gender, disability, and geographic, ethnic, racial, or religious characteristics.
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colloquial expression
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An informal expression characterized by regional variations of speech.
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sexist pronoun
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A pronoun that is used restrictively to refer to one or the other gender when the antecedent may in fact be either male or female.
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persons with disabilities (PWD)
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A person whose physical or mental impairment substantially limits his or her major life activities.
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cultural intelligence
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The willingness to learn about other cultures and gradually reshape your thinking and behavior in response to what you've learned.
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concrete language
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Specific, tangible, and definite language (nouns or verbs). See also abstract language.
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abstract language
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Language that is general or nonspecific. See also concrete language.
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figures of speech
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Expressions, such as metaphors, similes, analogies, and hyperbole, in which words are used in a nonliteral fashion.
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simile
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A figure of speech used to compare one thing with another by using the word like or as (e.g., “He works like a dog”). See also metaphor.
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metaphor
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A figure of speech used to make an implicit comparison without the use of like or as (e.g., “Love is a rose”). See also simile.
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cliché
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An expression that is predictable and stale.
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mixed metaphor
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A metaphor that juxtaposes or compares unlike images or expressions (“Before plunging into the pool, let's walk through these steps”).
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analogy
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An extended metaphor or simile that compares an unfamiliar concept or process with a more familiar one in order to help the listener understand the one that is unfamiliar.
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personification
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A figure of speech in which the speaker endows an abstract idea or inanimate object with human qualities (e.g., “Computers have become important members of our family”).
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understatement
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A figure of speech in which a speaker draws attention to an idea by minimizing its importance (e.g., “Flunking out of college might be a problem”).
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irony
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A figure of speech in which the speaker uses humor, satire, or sarcasm to suggest a meaning other than the one that is actually being expressed.
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allusion
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A figure of speech in which the speaker makes vague or indirect reference to people, historical events, or concepts to give deeper meaning to the message.
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hyperbole
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A figure of speech in which the speaker uses obvious exaggeration to drive home a point.
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onomatopoeia
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A figure of speech in which the speaker imitates natural sounds in word form in order to add vividness to a speech (e.g., “The rain dripped a steady plop, plop, plop”).
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malapropism
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The inadvertent use of a word or phrase in place of one that sounds like it.
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denotative meaning
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The literal or dictionary definition of a word.
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connotative meaning
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The individual associations that different people bring to bear on a word.
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active voice
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The feature of a verb indicating that the subject performs the action. Effective speeches make ample use of the active voice. See also passive voice.
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hedges
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Unnecessary words and phrases that qualify or introduce doubt into statements that should be straightforward.
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tag questions
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Unnecessary questions appended to statements or commands; the use of such weak language undermines a speaker's authority.
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anaphora
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A rhetorical device in which the speaker repeats a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences.
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alliteration
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The repetition of the same sounds, usually initial consonants, in two or more neighboring words or syllables.
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hackneyed
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Language that is poorly crafted and lacking in freshness.
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parallelism
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The arrangement of words, phrases, or sentences in similar grammatical and stylistic form. Parallel structure can help speakers emphasize important ideas in a speech.
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antithesis
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Setting off two ideas in balanced (parallel) opposition to each other to create a powerful effect.
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triads
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A rhetorical device that makes use of three parallel elements.
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effective delivery
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The skillful application of natural conversational behavior to a speech in a way that is relaxed, enthusiastic, and direct.
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elocutionary movement
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An approach to public speaking in which speechmaking is regarded as a type of performance, much like acting.
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speaking from manuscript
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A style of delivery in which the speaker reads the speech verbatim — that is, from a prepared written text (either on paper or on a TelePrompTer) containing the entire speech.
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TelePrompTer
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A device that contains a magnified script of a speech; it is commonly used when a speaker's remarks are televised.
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speaking from memory
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A type of delivery in which the speaker puts the entire speech, word for word, into writing and then commits it to memory.
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oratory
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In classical terms, the art of public speaking.
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speaking impromptu
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A type of delivery that is unpracticed, spontaneous, or improvised.
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volume
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The relative loudness of a speaker's voice while giving a speech.
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lavalier microphone
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A microphone that attaches to a lapel or a collar.
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handheld or fixed microphone
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A microphone that is attached by a cord to an electrical power source.
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pitch
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The range of sounds from high to low (or vice versa). Pitch is determined by the number of vibrations per unit of time; the more vibrations per unit (also called frequency), the higher the pitch, and vice versa.
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intonation
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The rising and falling of voice pitch across phrases and sentences. Intonation is what distinguishes a question from a statement.
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speaking rate
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The pace at which a speech is delivered. The typical public speech occurs at a rate slightly below 120 words per minute.
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vocal fillers
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Unnecessary and undesirable phrases or utterances that are used to cover pauses, such as “uh,” “hmm,” “you know,” “I mean,” and “it's like.”
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pauses
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Strategic elements of a speech used to enhance meaning by providing a type of punctuation, emphasizing a point, drawing attention to a key thought, or allowing listeners a moment to contemplate.
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vocal variety
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The variation of volume, pitch, rate, and pauses to create an effective delivery.
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pronunciation
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The formation of word sounds.
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articulation
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The clarity or forcefulness with which sounds are made, regardless of whether they are pronounced correctly.
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dialects
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Subcultural variations of the mainstream pronunciation and articulation of a language.
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mumbling
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Slurring words together at a very low level of volume and pitch so that they are barely audible.
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lazy speech
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A poor speech habit in which the speaker fails to properly articulate words.
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aural channel
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A nonverbal channel of communication made up of the vocalizations that form and accompany spoken words. These vocalizations, also called paralanguage, include the qualities of volume, pitch, rate, variety, and articulation and pronunciation.
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paralanguage
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The vocal effects that accompany speech.
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visual channel
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A nonverbal channel of communication that includes the speaker's physical actions and appearance — facial expressions, gestures, general body movement, physical appearance, dress, and objects held.
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scanning
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A technique for creating eye contact with large audiences; speakers move their gaze across the audience from one listener to another and from one section to another, pausing as they do to gaze briefly at individual listeners.
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talking head
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A speaker who remains static, standing stiffly behind a podium, and so resembles a televised shot of a speaker's head and shoulders.
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presentation aids
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Objects, models, pictures, graphs, charts, video, audio, and multimedia, used alone or in combination within the context of a speech; such aids help listeners see relationships among concepts and elements, store and remember material, and critically examine key ideas.
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prop
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Any live or inanimate object used by a speaker as a presentation aid.
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model
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A three-dimensional, scale-size representation of an object such as a building.
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pictures
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A two-dimensional representation of people, places, ideas, or objects produced on an opaque backing; types of pictures commonly used by speakers include photographs, line drawings, diagrams, maps, and posters.
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diagram
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A schematic drawing that explains how something works or how it is constructed or operated; used to simplify and clarify complicated procedures, explanations, and operations.
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map
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A representation of a whole area or part of an area on a flat surface.
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poster
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A large, bold, two-dimensional design incorporating words, shapes, and (if desired) color, placed on an opaque backing; used to convey a brief message or point forcefully and attractively.
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graph
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A graphical representation of numerical data. Graphs neatly illustrate relationships among components or units and demonstrate trends. Four major types of graphs are line graphs, bar graphs, pie graphs, and pictograms.
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line graph
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A type of graph used to represent trends and other information that changes over time. A line graph displays one measurement on the horizontal axis and other units of measurement or values on the vertical axis. Each value or point is connected with a line.
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bar graph
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A type of graph used to compare quantities or magnitudes with the use of bars of varying lengths.
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pie graph
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A type of graph used to depict the division of a whole. The pie, which represents 100 percent, is divided into portions or segments called “slices.” Each slice constitutes a percentage of the whole.
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pictogram
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A type of graph that illustrates comparisons in picture form. The pictures represent numerical units and are drawn to relate to the items being compared.
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chart
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A method of visually organizing complex information into compact form. Several different types of charts are helpful for speakers: flowcharts, organization charts, and tabular charts or tables.
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flowchart
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A diagram that shows step-by-step progression through a procedure, relationship, or process. Usually the flow of a procedure or process is drawn horizontally or vertically and describes how key components fit into a whole.
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organizational chart
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A chart that illustrates the structure or chain of command in an organization, plotting the interrelationships among different positions, divisions, departments, and personnel.
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table
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A systematic grouping of data or numerical information in column format.
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audio clip
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A short recording of sounds, music, or speech. Introducing sound into a speech can add interest, illustrate ideas, and even bring humor to the mix.
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video
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Presentation aids (including movies, television programs, and other recording segments) that combine sight, sound, and movement to illustrate key speech concepts.
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multimedia
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A single production that combines several types of media (stills, sound, video, text, and data).
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overhead transparency
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An image on a transparent background that can be viewed by transmitted light, either directly or through projection onto a screen or wall. The images may be written or printed directly onto the transparency or handwritten during the presentation.
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computer-generated graphics
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Graphics created using a software program such as Microsoft's PowerPoint.
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LCD panel
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A device connected to a computer that is used to project slides stored in the computer; LCD is an acronym for liquid crystal diode.
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LCD projector
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A projector designed for computer images that is equipped with an illumination, or light source, in its own case, thereby eliminating the need for an overhead projector.
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video projector
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A projector that connects to a computer and displays video.
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flip chart
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A large (27–34 inches) pad of paper on which a speaker can illustrate speech points.
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chalkboard
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A surface used as a visual aid by speakers to illustrate speech points.
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handout
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Page-size items that convey information that is either impractical to give to the audience in another manner or is intended to be kept by audience members after a presentation.
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eight-by-eight rule
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Rule of design according to which the speaker does not include more than eight words on a line or eight lines on one PowerPoint slide or other kind of visual aid.
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typeface
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A specific style of lettering, such as Arial, Times Roman, or Courier. Typefaces come in a variety of fonts, or sets of sizes (called the “point size”), and upper- and lowercase.
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serif typeface
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Typefaces that include small flourishes, or strokes, at the top and bottom of each letter. See also sans serif typeface.
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sans serif typefaces
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Typefaces that are blocklike and linear and are designed without tiny strokes or flourishes at the top or bottom of each letter. See also serif typeface.
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transition effects
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Microsoft PowerPoint tools that add motion and sound effects when moving from one slide to the next in a presentation.
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animation effects
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Sometimes referred to as “builds,” animation effects allow you to decide how you want to reveal text or graphics within a slide during a presentation. You can reveal one letter, word, or paragraph at a time, for example, as you discuss each item. Or you can make text or objects look dimmer or change color when you add another element.
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Meeting Minder
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A note-taking tool embedded in Microsoft's PowerPoint that allows users to take notes and give assignments (known as Action Items) in the middle of a presentation.
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pointer
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A Microsoft PowerPoint tool that allows the user to show parts of a slide during a presentation.
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