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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why History is Important
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-the development of public relations and organizations track rather evenly trough time
-both are open to the interpretation of observers -understanding the past can help us tackle the challenges of the future |
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Pre-Modern Public Relations
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-Athens (circa 450 B.C.)
-Vox populi (circa (100 B.C.) -biblical examples of spreading the Word -Congregatio de Propaganda Fide (circa 1600s) |
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Modern Public Relations
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-growth of institutions
-the expansion of democracy -technological improvements in communication -the growth of advocacy -the search for consensus |
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Gustav LeBon (quote)
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-The Era of the Crowd (pre 1800s)
"None of or political writers..take notice of any more than three estates, namely, Kings, Lords, and Commons...passing by in silence that very large and powerful body which form the fourth estate in this community... The Mob." |
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Gustav LeBon (facts)
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The Era of the Crowd (late 1800s)
-class conscious society -rules by monarchs -rise of populations and poverty -rise of industrialism -rise of philosophies (Marx, Engels) -challenges to religious traditions -wars How to handle the threat of a crowd? |
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Gustav LeBon (1)
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Scarcely a century ago the traditional policy of European states and the rivalries of sovereigns were the principle factors that shaped events. The opinion of the masses scarcely counted, and most frequently indeed did not count at all.
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Gustav LeBon (2)
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-To-day it is the traditions which used to obtain in politics, and the individual tendencies and rivalries of rulers which do not count; while, on the contrary, the voice of the masses has become preponderant
-It is this voice that dictates their conduct to kings, whose endeavor is tot take note of its utterances. The destinies of nations are elaborated at present in the heart of the masses, and no longer in the councils of princes |
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Gustave LeBon (3)
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-Today the claims of the masses are becoming more and more sharply defined, and amount to nothing less than a determination to utterly destroy society as it now exists...
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Societal Foundations
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-the growth of institutions
-the expansion of democracy -technological improvements in communications -the growth of advocacy -the search for consensus -the fracturing of opinion |
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Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919)
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-TR transformed relations among government, big business, and voters
-he used the White House as a "Bully Pulpit" -he was the father of the presidential new conference |
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Ivy Ledbetter Lee (1877-1934)
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-Lee's Declaration for Principles (1877-1934) laid an ethical foundation for the practice of public relations
-Earned the nickname "Poison Ivy" because his actions did not match his words -His work for he German Dye Trust ruined his reputation |
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War and Propaganda
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-a growing interest in propaganda
-the Committee for Public Information known as "The Creel Committee" -The "Four-Minute Men" -The Scopes Monkey Trial |
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Edward L. Bernays (1891-1995)
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-a nephew of Sigmund Freud
-coined the phrase "public relations counsel" -self-proclaimed "father of public relations" -he and wife Doris Fleischman were PR's first "power couple" -sponsored 'Torches of Freedom' march in NYC in 1929 -promoted tobacco use in public -especially among women -advocaet research and research institutions -employed 120 PR people |
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Why Bernays and not Lee?
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-Lee worked for the Nazis. Bernays did not.
-Lee died before he could answer his critics. Bernays outlived his. -Bernays tried to sway public opinion for profit but created a legitimate industry |
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The Post-War Boom
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-The Office of War Information becomes a training ground for new practitioners
-The growth of public relations education -Public Relations Society of America, 1947 -International Association of Business Communicators, 1970 |
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Post-War Social Activism
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-The New Industrial Age
-The Age of Political Activism -Advocates turn the tables on business and adopt public relations practices -Cause-related campaigns used PR |
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The Downsizing of the US
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-An aging U.S. infrastructure leads to modernization and downsizing
-Reagan downsizes the government -In-house public relations departments downsized or eliminated -New opportunities for agencies and consultants |
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Baby Boomers Come of Age
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-The United States is transformed into an information-based society
-New jobs, lower salaries -Women and minorities enter the workplace -A new wave of immigration -Public relations takes a high profile |
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The New Millennium
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-PR and Y2K
-The attacks of 9/11 - The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan -Nation is becoming more media centric -Social media playing a key role -Presidential success pivots on PR -health law still pivots on PR |
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The Internet
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-'Citizen Journalism' takes on a unique role in forming opinion
-New word, new reality: Blog -Newspapers, radio & TV begin to share their role as 'agenda setters' -News and opinion increasingly migrates to the computer screen -'Truth' becomes far harder to discern |
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PR in the Marketing Mix
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-PR seldom stands alone
-IT is an element in the mix of marketing tactics -Advertising, direct mail, speeches, promotion, events, opinions -Advertising is the statement; PR is the conversation |
