Public Policy Making

Front 1

Non-governmental
Policy Makers

Back 1

1. Interest Groups
2. Political Parties
3. Research Organizations
4. Communications Media
5. Individual Citizen

Front 2

Interest Groups
Non-governmental Policy Makers
1/5

Back 2

Represent Labor, agriculture, business, education, health, etc. areas of society that are a major source of demand for public policy.

Front 3

Political Parties
Non-governmental Policy Makers
2/5

Back 3

Interested primarily in contesting the elections in order to control the personnel of gov't. Care more about power than policy.

Front 4

Research Organizations
Non-governmental Policy Makers
3/5

Back 4

Their studies and reports provide information and data on policy issues, development alternatives and proposals for handling problems and evaluating effectiveness of public policy.

Front 5

Communications Media
Non-governmental Policy Makers
4/5

Back 5

Particpate as suppliers of information and play a huge roll on what gets on the agenda.

Front 6

Individual Citizen
Non-governmental Policy Makers
5/5

Back 6

We vote.

Front 7

Policy Problems

Back 7

Condition or situation that produces needs or dissatisfaction amoung people and for which relief or redress by gov't is sought.

Front 8

Rational-Comprehensive Theory Elements (6)

Back 8

1. Problem that can be separated from other problems.
2. Goals, values, or objectives can be clarified and ranked according to importance
3. Various alternatives are examined
4. Consequences of the alternatives ar examined
5. Alternatives and consequence are compared
6. A & C that maximizes the goals of the decision maker is chosen.

Front 9

Incremental Theory Elements (6)

Back 9

1. Selection of a goal and it analysis are intertwined with one another.
2. Decision maker considers only some of the alternatives for dealing with one another.
3. Each alternative has limited consequences and are considered
4. Problem is continually redefined
5. No single decision is right.
6. Incremental decision making is remedial and deals with present situations rather than future goals.

Front 10

Nine Decision Criteria (9)

Back 10

1. Organizational
2. Professional
3. Political
4. Personal
5. Policy
6. Decision Rule
7. Ideological
8. Constituency
9. Deference

Front 11

Organizational
Decision Criteria
1/9

Back 11

Decisions based upon organizational influence

Front 12

Professional
Decision Criteria
2/9

Back 12

Different professions attack problems in different ways

Front 13

Personal
Decision Criteria
3/9

Back 13

Guided by personal morals and values.

Front 14

Policy
Decision Criteria
4/9

Back 14

Because it is the right thing to do.

Front 15

Ideological
Decision Criteria
5/9

Back 15

Religion, conservative, liberal

Front 16

Political
Decision Criteria
6/9

Back 16

Party loyalty.

Front 17

Constituency
Decision Criteria
7/9

Back 17

Loyal to those that paid for them to be there.

Front 18

Deference
Decision Criteria
8/9

Back 18

Deferring to the judgement of others

Front 19

Decision Rule
Decision Criteria
9/9

Back 19

A decision or precedence will stand.

Front 20

Bargaining
Decision Making Style
1/3

Back 20

Negotiation based upon explicit: facts on the table; or implicit: future promises or support/favor

Front 21

Persuasion
Decision Making Style
2/3

Back 21

Gather facts and information and use reason and logic to convince someone else.

Front 22

Command
Decision Making Style
3/3

Back 22

I'm the boss, because I said so.

Front 23

Rational-Comprehensive Theory
Theory of Decision Making
1/3

Back 23

How a rational person would make decisions as well as from theories of rational-decision making developed by mathmeticians, psychologists, and other social scientists

Front 24

Incremental Theory
Theory of Decision Making
2/3

Back 24

Making minor changes; predictable

Front 25

Mixed Scanning
Theory of Decision Making
3/3

Back 25

Enables decision makers to use both the Rational-Comprehensive theory and Incremental Theory in different situations

Front 26

Policy Process
5 steps

Back 26

1. Identification of a problem
2. Formulate
3. Adopt
4. Implement
5. Review

Front 27

Policy

Back 27

A relatively stable, purposive course of action followed by an actor in dealing with a problem or matter of concern

Front 28

Six Attibutes of Public Policy

Back 28

1. Links policy to purposive or goal oriented action
2. Consist of corses of action taken over time rather than their separate decisions
3. Emerges in response to policy demands
4. Involves what gov't does not what it intends to do
5. May be either positive or negative
6. Is based upon law and is authoritative

Front 29

Types of Policy (9)

Back 29

1. Substantive
2. Procedural
3. Distributive
4. Regulatory
5. Redistributive
6. Material
7. Symbolic
8. Private Goods
9. Collective Goods

Front 30

Substantive Policy
Type of Policy
1/9

Back 30

What the gov't intends to do

Front 31

Procedural Policy
Type of Policy
2/9

Back 31

Involves how something is going to be done or who is going to take action

Front 32

Distributive Policy
Type of Policy
3/9

Back 32

Allocation of services or benefits to particular segments of the population

Front 33

Regulatory Policy
Type of Policy
4/9

Back 33

Imposes restricition or limitation on the behavior of individuals or groups

Front 34

Redistributive Policy
Type of Policy
5/9

Back 34

Deliberate efforts to shift the allocation of wealth, income, property, or rights among broad classes or groups of the population. The Haves to the Have-Nots.

Front 35

Material Policy
Type of Policy
6/9

Back 35

Provide tangible resources or substanctive power to their beneficiaries, or impose real disadvantages on those adverseley affected

Front 36

Symbolic Policy
Type of Policy
7/9

Back 36

Have little real material impact on people. (Burning of the flag)

Front 37

Collective Goods
Type of Policy
8/9

Back 37

If provided for one, must provide for all.

Front 38

Private Goods
Type of Policy
9/9

Back 38

Available in the marketplace, purchased or charged by the individual user.

Front 39

Self Regulatory Policy
Type of Regulatory Policy
1/2

Back 39

More controlled by the regulated group as a means of protecting or promoting the interests of its members.

Front 40

Theoretical Approaches to Public Study (5)

Back 40

1. Political Systems Theory
2. Group Theory
3. Elite Theory
4. Institutionalism
5. Rational-Choice Theory

Front 41

Political Systems Theory
Theoretical Approach to Public Study
1/5

Back 41

Response to demands arising from an environment

Front 42

Group Theory
Theoretical Approach to Public Study
2/5

Back 42

Policy as a result of the group struggle

Front 43

Elite Theory
Theoretical Approach to Public Study
3/5

Back 43

-Reflecting the values and preferences of a governing elite.
-The few who have power decide the policy
-The few are not typical of the masses
-Non-elite to elite move must be slow to avoid revolution
-Elites are self serving and want to keep their spot in the elite
-Elites influence the mass, not vice versa

Front 44

Instituionalism
Theoretical Approach to Public Study
4/5

Back 44

-Theory stressing the importance of organization arrangements and rules in shaping public policies.
-concentrates on describing the more formal and legal aspects of governmental institutions.

Front 45

Rational-Choice Theory
Theoretical Approach to Public Study
5/5

Back 45

Public policies result from the pursuit of self interest by citizens and officals.

Act rationally to protect own self interest

Front 46

Political Culture

Back 46

Wideley shared attitudes, values, and beliefs, concerning the nature and use of political power.

Front 47

Identifiable Political Cultures
(3)

Back 47

1. Individualistic
2. Moralistic
3. Traditionalist

Front 48

Individualistic
Political Culture
1/3

Back 48

Emphasizes private concerns and views gov't as a utalitarian device to be used to accomplish what the people want.

Front 49

Moralistic
Political Culture
2/3

Back 49

Views gov't as a mechanism for advancing public interests

Front 50

Traditionalistic
Political Culture
3/3

Back 50

Takes a paternalistic and elitist view of gov't and favors its use to maintain the existing social order.

Front 51

Socioeconomic Conditions

Back 51

Public policy often arises out of conflicts among groups of people, private and official, with differeing interests and desires.

Front 52

Theories of Decision Making (3)

Back 52

1. Rational-Comprehensive Theory
2. Incremental Theory
3. Mixed Scanning

Front 53

Offical Policy Makers (4)

Back 53

Have the legal authority to engage in the formation of public policy

1. Legislature
2. Executive
3. Administrative Agencies
4. Courts

Front 54

Legislature
Offical Policy Makers
1/4

Back 54

Engage in central political task of law making and policy formation

Front 55

Executive
Offical Policy Makers
2/4

Back 55

The President, proposes legislation to Congress. Has many advisors and several staff agencies

Front 56

Administrative Agencies
Offical Policy Makers
3/4

Back 56

Often significantly involved in formation of public policies. Able to identify needed changes in existing policy

Front 57

Courts
Offical Policy Makers
4/4

Back 57

Greatly affected the nature and content of public policy by exercising judical review and statutory interpretation in cases brought before them.

Front 58

Personal Staff
Legislative Staff
1/2

Back 58

Work for the individual members of Congress

Front 59

Institional Staff
Legislative Staff
2/2

Back 59

Provide information services to Congress