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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Adaptive Unconscious
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A way of thinking that occurs immediately when asked a question. The response usually the clear truth that comes out first. It forces faster responses. Often people believe that they feel one way about an issue when in fact they feel the opposite.
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Ambivalence
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The state of having conflicting opinions (positive and negative) towards a person or thing. Leads to people not being able to respond to a question until they can sort out their feelings
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Coffee Houses and Salons
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The original place where political opinions were expressed and debated in France in the 18th and 19th centuries (america as well) and what was discussed usually had a big affect
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Content Analysis
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A method of studying the content of communication (radio, TV, newspapers) and finding out its true message
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Cues
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A hint or guiding suggestion
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Cultural Resonance
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The process of holding opinions based on your perceived spot in soceity
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Deliberative Polling
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The act of polling a group about a variety of topics and then letting them discuss the issues and then repolling them after to see if there was any change
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Democratic Competence
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A way of describing how informed someone is on policies and issue. Understanding political context and respecting the game. Can be used to describe a politician or a citizen.
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Effective Opinion
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More influential opinion than general public opinion because it is typically held by higher more motivated people and is the opposite of populist opinion
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Elite Models of Democracy
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How American society handles who has political power. In this model the country is ran by a few "elites" who shape the country as they see fit. Opposite of Pluralist
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Focus Group
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A form of obtaining pubic opinion by small group discussions. Created in the marketing world. Participants are free to discuss amongst the group the issue at hand.
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Gender Gap
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Difference in opinion between men and women on a variety of issues. Also can be seen as the difference between men and women in a socio-economic sense
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Group Consciousness
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Self-identification with a group and how it affects your opinions. Political action is taken in the groups interest rather than individual needs. Helped minorities over come years of oppression.
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hegemonic masculinity
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Belief in a cultural fixation on how a man should act. Cultural expectation that men be aggressive, ambitious, driven, and self-reliant; women should not. Calls for males to dominate other males and especially females
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hueristics
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Use of previous experiences to solve an issue or problem that is close to being right, its "good enough." A short cut to to allowing people make judgement with limited time, use of other peoples cues to formulate your own opinion
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IAT (Implicit association test)
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Tool of understanding social cognition, in which words or objects are marked in a list together and the respondent has to put where he or she thinks it should be. Way to find gender and racial views
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Idealogical Innocence
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Coined by Philip Converse to discuss how little the public understands about their own ideology, and that many people simply dont have opinions
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Ideology
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A set of aims that directs ones goals, a way of looking at the world, adherence to a set list of ideals
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Ideology by Proxy
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Viewing candidates or parties as friendly or hostile to people like yourself. Dont vote to individual needs but instead vote how your group would be affected
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Implicit Attitudes
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Unacknowledged attitudes that are outside a persons awareness but still affects how they respond to questions
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In-Group/Out-Group
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Belief that your group is superior and thus look down on people outside the group, its a psychological issue
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In-depth Interviewing
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An interview that is done one-on-one and collects specific information about a person. Its a way for people to get a firmer grasp on the population
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In-group Identification
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Way of describing how people sometimes identify themselves as part of a group rather than as an individual i.e. Chiefs Fan
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Internet Polling
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You know this term
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Interviewer Effects
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In some interviews the interviewer can change the responses without even knowing it. Some respondents will want to answer in a way that pleases the interviewer and thus the results will be skewed. Some causes, age difference, IQ, type of questions, race
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Latent Opinion
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Term coined by V.O. Key. Opinion that might exist in the future depending on decision makers actions that may result in political damage at the polls or election. Can not really be discovered through polling
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Leading Questions
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A tactic used by "seedy" pollsters when they are trying to pull a desired answer out of a interview by asking the question in such a way that the respondent must respond in a certain way.
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Models of Public Competence
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Not sure, see study guide
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Morselizing
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Type of thinking in which people consider each event in isolation
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Mushiness Index
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Created by Daniel Yankelovich to help distinguish between stable and volatile questions allowing for organizations to better comment on the results. Asked four questions: issue's personal affects, how well informed the respondent, Showed that opinion varied based on income level and race
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Non-attitudes
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Unstable or unenthusiastic opinions that are a reflection of vague and confused citizens (Converse). Can also be a reflection of vague questions. Racial issues are always affected by this
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Omnibus Survey
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A survey in which questions are asked covering a very wide variety of topics
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On-line Model
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The use of cues to decide how to vote. Use of small time stories and memories to form an opinion that you dont really know anything about
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Open-Ended Questions
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A question that is designed to warrant a full meaningful answer of the respondents opinion. Questions that lead to more than one word responses
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Participatory Models of Democracy
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Citizens play a very active role in governing. We have elite model, typically supporters would want government run by town hall societies.
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Partisan Motivation
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You should know this
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Party Identification
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Term coined to describe the under lying allegiance a person has to their political party. It is a form of Social identity and way for people to know who to vote for
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Personal Interviews
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Best way of gathering date on a topic. Researchers can explore much farther into the topic at hand by asking open-ended questions
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Pocketbook Voting
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Voting for personal economic gain only. Incumbents are punished when the economy appears headed in the wrong direction
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Political Efficacy
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Ones own ability to enact change in politics and ones faith in the process. A way of seeing the health of society. Citizens feeling of being able to enact change
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Political Tolerance
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The basic acceptance of the rights and liberties of the people who do not share your opinion.
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Probability Sampling
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A method of sampling that uses some form of randomization. In order to effectively judge public opinion this type of sampling is a necessity
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Pseudo-Environment
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The world we live in is to large for any one person to grasp so to fill in the holes people use the experiences of other people to understand society
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Push Polling
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A campaign technique that is considered very dirty and low that was perfected by Lee Atwater where you release a poll that has deliberate misinformation
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Question Wording Effects
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Research has proven that the way a question is worded can drastically affect the outcome of the poll by as much as 25 points.
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Random Digit Dialing (RDD)
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An cheap and effective way of conducting a poll because you can reach a large number of people and will get the numbers that are unlisted.
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Random Sampling
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It is impossible to study an entire population so pollsters have to find a way to get a comprehensive view of society by only contacting a limited number of people. The group selected can not be biased but representative of the population
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Reaction Formation
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A defensive mechanism where people use hyperboles and exagerations to cover true emotions
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Repressed Feelings
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The building up of stress levels as people suppress true emotions. This typically comes into play when people do not agree with certain parts of of their political parties views
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Response Instability
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There are two types of people, those who have an opinion and those that dont. Those that dont can drastically alter responses as their opinions vary
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Sampling Error
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A common problem in polling where the sample is observed instead of the entire population. States the degree to which the poll is an accurate reflection of the entire population
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Social Identity Theory
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Explains intergroup discrimination. Contains four elements: Categorization, identification, comparing, and psychological distinctiveness. Explains why people feel apart of groups with attitudes towards outsiders
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Sociotropic Threat
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The perceived view that a candidate/group/party threatens yourself or your group and thus will vote against them. The less informed a person is, then the more likely they will vote based on this threat
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Sociotropic Voting
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Implies that citizens take into account larger national conditions. The incumbents are blamed accordingly
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Thin Slicing
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The ability of someone to find paterns in events based only on limited experience. Forces people to have quick superficial opinions towards someone or an issue. Warren Harding Error.
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Tolerance
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The degree to which a person can live along side people have have different opinions and are in different groups. Think increased tolerance of Communists
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Top of the Head Response
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Can be found in polls where respondents use heuristics or frames to reach quick conclusions when presented with a question.
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Unenlightened Self Interest
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Acting according to your own selfish interest with little regard to other peoples concerns. Found in the tragedy of the commons where no one does any good for society.
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Values
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The criteria people use to select and justify actions and to evaluate people and events. Not necessarily political in origin but can alter how people view political issues
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