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229 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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At what level does sound pressure become painful?
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120 dbA (decibels)
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At what level can sound pressure kill someone?
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180 dbA (decibels)
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What is the sound pressue in decibels that a jet takeoff produces?
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150 dbA
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What would prolonged exposure to a jet takeoff (at close range) cause?
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Eardrum rupture
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What is the sound pressure in decibels that an aircraft carrier deck is exposed to?
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140 dbA
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What is the sound pressure that people are exposed to driving an armored personnel carrier?
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130 dbA
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What things can produce sound pressure at 120 dbA?
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Thunderclap, textile loom, live rock concert, det takeoff at 200 feet, siren at close range, and a chain saw
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a Steel mill, riveting, or an automobile horn at 3 feet can create sound at _____dbA?
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110 dbA
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a jet takeoff at 1,000 feet, a subway, an outboard motor, can create sound at ___dbA?
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100 dbA
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What is the prolonged affect of listening to sounds at 100 dbA?
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Serious hearing damage (8 hours of prolonged hearing)
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What can happen to prolonged exposure at 90 dbA?
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Hearing damage and speech interference (8 hours)
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What does prolonged hearing to sounds at 80 dbA cause?
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possible hearing damage
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What are the four categories that sound can be lumped into?
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annoyance, disruption of activity, partial or total loss hearing, and physical or mental deterioration
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what are some important things that sudden noice can cause in the human body?
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constriction of blood vessels and increased heart beat
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Is it possible for sound to permanently constrict blood vessels
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Yes, it can lead to increased BP and may lead to heart disease
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scientists have determined that 60 dbA can be?
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intrusive
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80 dbA can be ___ according to scientists?
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annoying
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scientists have said that 140 dbA can be __?
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painful
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100 decibels can be _____ according to scientists?
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extremely bothersome
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Milk is often referred to as ____ _____?
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God's Gift
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Milk and milk products can be considered ____ ____ ____?
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Most Perfect food
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Milk has every nutrient one can think of except for ___?
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Vit. C
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can proteins, cabohydrates, lipids, and minerals be found in milk?
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yes they are all present
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Can milk be contaminated and be a source of disease?
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Yes, even though it is supposed to be produced sterile
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How is the nutritional index measured?
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amount nutrients / # of calories
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Is mothers milk better for babies than other sources of milk?
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Yes, but only if a mother is healthy and eats healthy
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does everything the mother eat or drink get passed onto the baby through the breast milk?
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Yes
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Is it true that some researchers have stated that children who thrived on mothers milk are healthier and have the same IQ as babies that don't?
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No, they have a higher IQ than babies that aren't on mothers milk
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Is pasteurized (processed) milk safer than raw?
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Yes, because processing milk kills a lot of pathogens
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Is there any loss of nutrients during processing or pasteurization?
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Yes; but the benefits outweigh the loss due to processing
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T or F
It is not illegal to sell raw milk to the public? |
False; Only specially licensed daires can sell raw milk
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Is it leagal to transport raw milk on the interstates?
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No; it is illegal to transport raw milk on interstates
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What is harmful in milk as a natural product?
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High fat/cholesterol content
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Does mothers milk carry effective antibodies?
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Yes; IgA
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What does the antibodies from mothers milk provide?
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Natural Passive Immunity to the body
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In the United States is it required to have milk sold in grocery stores be pasteurized?
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Yes it is required
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Is it possible for a baby to contract Fetal Alcohol Syndrome while the mother is breast feeding?
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Yes; anything the mother eats or drinks the baby eats or drinks
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In what country is cheese primarily made from raw milk?
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France
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Why does france make cheese out of raw milk?
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Because they believe that heating the milk would ruin the texture
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at what temp would you pasteurize milk for 30 minutes?
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62.9 degrees C or 155 degrees F;
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Pasteurizing milk for 30 min. at 62.9 degrees C is known as what type of pasteurization?
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Low temp Long Time Standard
(LTLT) |
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At what temp would you pasteurize milk for 15 seconds?
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70.6 degrees C or 175 degrees F
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Pasteurizing milk for 15 seconds at 70.6 degrees C is known as what type of pasteurization?
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High Temp Short Time Standard
(HTST) |
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At what temp would you pasteurize milk for 3 seconds?
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87.8 degrees C or 200 degrees F
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Pasteurizing milk for 3 seconds at 87.8 degrees C is known as what type of pasteurization?
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Ultra High Temp Short Time Standard
(UHTST) |
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Flash pasteurization is done at what temp?
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70.6 degrees C for 15 seconds
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what does using the UHTST standard due to milk?
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It sterilizes it
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After using the UHTST standard does the milk tend ot have a longer shelf life?
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Yes the milk tends to have a longer shelf life after being pasteurized at UHTST
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Where is the UHTST methods commonly used in the US and world?
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Europe, and California
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What are the organisms that are most common in milk spoilage?
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Streptococcus lactis
Streptococcus cremoris Lactobacillus Acidophilus Lactobacillus Bulgaricus |
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what diseases from milk producing animals can be transmitted to man?
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Undulant fever
Bovine Tuberculosis Q fever |
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Undulant fever is caused by __?
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Brucellosis, Brucella Abortus, or Brucella Melitenos
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Bovine tuberculosis is caused by what?
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Mycobacterium bovis
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Q fever is caused by what?
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Coxiella Burneti is or Rickettsial origins
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What are some milk borne diseases that are of human origin?
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Typhoid, Gastroenteritis, Bacillary Dysentery, Amoebic Dysentery, Scarlet Fever, Diarrhea, Pneumonias, Diptheria, Polio, Hepatitis, Pharyngitis
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Typhoid is caused by?
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Salmonella Typhi
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Gastroenteritis is caused by?
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Salmonella Enteritidis
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Bacillary Dysentery is caused by?
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Shigella Sonnei
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Amoebic Dysentery is caused by?
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Entamoeba Histolytica
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Scarlet Fever is caused by?
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Strep. Pyogenes
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Diarrhea is caused by?
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E. Coli
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Diptheria is caused by?
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Corynebacterium Diptheriae
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Hepatitis is caused by?
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a virus or bacteria
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With regards to microbes causing milk spoilage what are some acid producers?
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Streptococcus lactic
Streptococcus cremoris Levconostoc Citrovorum Lactobacillus Casei Lactobacillus Acidophilus Lactobacillus Bulgaricus Lactobacillus Brevis Lactobacillus Fermenti |
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With regards to microbes causing milk spoilage what are some gas producers?
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Clostridium Butyricum
Candida Pseudotropicalis - yeast |
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Ropy and Stringy Milk are caused by which microbes?
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Alkaligenes Viscolactis
Aerobacter Aerogenes Streptococcus Cremoris |
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Proteolysis and curdling of milk is caused by which organisms?
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Bacillus Subtilis
Bacillus Cereus Pseudomonas |
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Which microbes cause an abnormal smell of milk spoilage?
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Salmonella Lactis
Pseudomonas Icthyosmia Coliforms |
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Salmonella Lactis causes what kind of smell in milk spoilage?
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It causes a Var. Maltigens
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Pseudo Icthyosmia causes what kind of smell in milk spoilage?
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Fishy taste
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Coliforms gives milk a ____ smell in regards to milk spoilage?
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Feces
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Lipolysis is caused by which microbes with regards to milk spoilage?
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Pseudomonas
Achromobacter Lipolyticum |
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What does the phosphatse test detect?
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It detects the presence of phosphatase, an enzyme destroyed during pasteurization
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What does the reductase test detect?
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It indirectly measures the number of bacteria in milk, The rate at which methylene blue is reduced to its colorless form is directly porportional to the number of bacteria in a milk sample
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What does the standard plate count test?
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It Directly measures viable bacteria. Diluted milk is mixed with nutrient agar and incubated 48 hours; colonies are counted , and the number of bacteria in original sample is calculated
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How long can the standard plate count take?
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24 hours or more
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what is the purpose of the posphatase test?
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To determine whether adequate heat was used during pasteurization; If active phosphatase remains, pathogens also might be present
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What is the purpose of the reductase test?
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To estimate the number of bacteria in a milk sample.
High quality milk contains so few bacteria that a stnadard concentration of methylene blue will not be reduced in 5.5 hours. Low quality milk has so many bacteria that methylene blue is reduced in 2 hours or less |
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What is the purpose of the standard plate count?
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To determine the number of bacteria in a milk sample. The number per milliliter must not exceed 100,000 in raw milk before pooled with other milk or 20,000 after pasteurization
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A positive coliform test indicates what?
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That the milk has been contaminated with fecal material
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Is the test for pathogens required in the production of milk?
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Usually it is not required but it can be helpful in locating the source of infectious agents
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What is the name of the enzyme being tested in the phosphatase test?
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Monophosphodiesterase
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What are some principal microorganisms responsible for fermentation for cultured sour cream?
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Streptococcus Cremons
Streptococcus Lactis |
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What is the principal microorganism responsible for fermentation for bulgarian milk?
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Lactobacillus Bulgaricus
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What is the principal microorganism responsible for fermentation fo acidophilus milk?
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Lactobacillus Acidophilus
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What are some pricipal microorganisms responsible for fermentation of yogurt?
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Streptococcus Thermophilus
Lactobacillus Bulgaricus |
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Heroin has the CSA schedule of?
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I (one)
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Morphine has a CSA schedule of?
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II (two)
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Codeine has a CSA schedule of?
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II or III (two or three)
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Methadone has a CSA schedule of?
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II (two)
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Marijuana has a CSA schedule of?
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II (two)
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Barbiturate have a CSA schedule of?
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II, III, or IV (two, three, or four)
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Chloral hydrate has a CSA schedule of?
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IV (four)
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Meprobamate has a CSA schedule of?
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IV (four)
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Cocaine has a CSA schedule of?
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II (two)
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Amphetamines has a CSA schdule of?
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II or III (two or three
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Heroin, Morphine, Codeine, and Methadone are in which drug group?
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Narcotics
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Marijuana is in which drug group?
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Cannabis
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Barbituarates, Chloral hydrate, Meprobamate and Methaqualone are in which drup group?
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Depressants
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Cocaine and amphetamines are in which drug group?
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Stimulants
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What is the medical use of Heroin?
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none
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What is the medical use of Morphine?
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Analgesic
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What is the medical use of Codeine?
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Analgesic, antitussive
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What is the medical use of Methadone?
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Analgesic, Heroin substitute
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What is the medical use of marijuana?
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none
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What is the medical use of barbiturates?
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Anesthetic, sedation, anticonvulsant, sleep
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What is the medical use of Chloral hydrate?
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Hypnotic
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What is the medical use of Meporbamate?
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Anti-anxiety, sedation, muscle relaxant
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What is the medical use of Cocaine?
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Local anesthetic
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What is the medical use of Amphetamines?
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Narcolepsy, hyperkinesis, weight control
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What is the CSA schedule of LSD?
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I (one)
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what is the CSA schedule of Mescaline?
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I (one)
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What is the CSA schedule of PCP?
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III (three)
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LSD, Mescaline, Psitocybin, DOM, PCP and MDA are members of which drug group?
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Hallucinogens
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What is the medical use of LSD?
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none
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What is the medical use of Mescaline?
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none
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What is the medical use of PCP?
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Veterinay anesthetic
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What determines CSA schedule level one status?
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1.)The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse
2.)The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the US 3.) There is a lack of accepted safety for use in the drug or other substance under medical supervision |
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What determines CSA schedule level two status?
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1.) The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse
2.) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the US or a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions 3.) Abuse of the drug or other substance may leat to severe psychological or physical dependence |
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What determines CSA schedule level three status?
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1.) The drug or other substance has a potential for abuse less than the drugs or other substances in schedules I and II
2.) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the US 3.) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence |
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What determines CSA schedule level four status?
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1.) The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or othersubstances in schedule III
2.) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in US 3.) Abuse of the durg my lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule III |
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What determines CSA schedule level five status?
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1.) The drug has a low potential for abuse
2.) the drug has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in US 3.) Abuse of the drug may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence |
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What are some examples of CSA level V drugs?
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Thorazine, Valium, and other attaractic drugs
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What are attaractic drugs?
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Tranquilizers
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The most commonly abused drug in the United States is?
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Alcohol
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People who are dependent upon heroin keep taking it mostly to?
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Avoid withdrawl
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Which age group has the highest percentage of drug abusers?
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18-25
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Which drug does not cause physical dependence?
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Peyote
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Most drug users make their first contact with illicit drugs through?
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Their friends
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What is the most unpredictable drug on the street today?
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Phencyclidine (PCP)
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The majoritity of inhalant abusers are?
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Children
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Which drug poses the greatest health hazard to the most people in the US?
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Cigarettes
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Which drug poses the highest immediate risk to users?
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Inhalants
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This drug was elieved to be non-addictive with it was developed in the 1900's as a substitute for morphine and codeine?
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Heroine
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When does a person become hooked on heroin?
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Different for each person
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What sobers up a drunk person?
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Time
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What group of drugs should never be mixed with alcohol?
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Sedatives
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Medical help for drug problems is available without legal penalties under __?
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Federal law
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Stopping drug abuse before it starts is called?
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Prevention
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How long does marijuana stay in the body after smoking?
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up to a month
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The use of drugs during pregnancy may be harmful to ___?
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The unborn child
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What makes marijuana especially harmful today?
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It is much stronger, it could affect physical and mental development, younger kids are using it
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More than ______ people die each year from injuries?
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145,000
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What is the leading cause of death in people under age 44?
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Injuries
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How many children and young adults die from injuries in the US every day?
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85
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How many children and young adults through 24 yrs. die from injuries?
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31,700
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How many of the 31,700 die in motor vehicle crashes?
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13,200
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How many of the 31,700 die as a result of homicide?
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9,300
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How many of the 31,700 die as a result of suicide?
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5,000
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How many of the 31,700 die as a result of drownings?
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1,800
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How many of the 31,700 die as a result of burns and fires?
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1,400
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How many of the 31,700 die as a result of poisoning?
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650
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How many of the 31,700 die as a result of falls?
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380
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How often does a person die in a residential fire?
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About every 2 hours
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Who are at high risk of dying in a residential fire?
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young children and elderly
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What is the percentage of residential fire deaths occur in homes without a functioning smoke detector?
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80%
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If all bicyclists wore helmets we could:___?
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Save one life every day
Prevent one head injury every four minutes Save $70 million annually |
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What is the financial cost of injury is ___?
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$224 billion
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In 1997 what did the CDC report in regards for health statistics for deaths?
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147,891 now it is approximately 150,000
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In 1997 what did the CDC report in regards for health statistics for hospital discharges?
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2,591,000
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In 1997 what did the CDC report in regards for health statistics for ER visits?
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36,961,000
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In 1997 what did the CDC report in regards for health statistics for Number of reported injuries?
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59,127,000
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How many people in the USA are left with permanent dis-abling consequences?
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500,000 per year
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Alcohol is the number ____ cause of fatalities due to accidents?
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1 (one)
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Being young (youth) and inexperience is number __ cause of fatalites due to accidents?
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2 (two)
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What has infleunced that recent increase in highway deaths?
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Speed limit increases
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What has lowered the highway death rate?
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Seat belts by 40-50 percent
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What can reduce the death risk by 70% of highway deaths?
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Child safety seat
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What is the legal BAC limit in the US?
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0.08 percent
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What are the effects of alcohol at .10 BAC?
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You are legally under the influence as well as impaired
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What are the effects of alcohol at .10 - .20 BAC?
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You are drunk
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What are the effects of alcohol at .20 - .30 BAC?
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You are in a stupor
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What are the effects of alcohol at .30 - .45 BAC?
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You are in a coma
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What are the effects of alcohol at .45 or higher BAC?
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You are dead from respiratory paralysis
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What is the number 1 work-related disease or injury?
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Lung disease
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What is the number 2 work-related disease or injury?
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Musculoskeletal injuries
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What is the number 3 work-related disease or injury?
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Occupational cancers
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What is the number 4 work-related disease or injury?
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Sever occupational traumatic injuries
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What is the number 5 work-related disease or injury?
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Occupational cardiovascular diseases
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What is the number 6 work-related disease or injury?
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Disorders of reproduction
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What is the number 7 work-related disease or injury?
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Neurotoxic disorders
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What is the number 8 work-related disease or injury?
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Noise-induced loss of hearing
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What is the number 9 work-related disease or injury?
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Dermatologic conditions
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What is the number 10 work-related disease or injury?
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Psychologic disorders
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Asbestosis causes?
|
Pneumoconiosis
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pyssinosis causes?
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Cottonfibre
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Silicosis is a major problem for?
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Sand Blasters or Chert Workers
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Silicosis causes?
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Siderosis
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What are some inorganic dusts that can cause disease?
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Crystalline silica, Asbestos, Coal dust
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What are some Organic and Metallic dust that can cause disease?
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Cotton, flax, hemp, proteins, metallic salts, antibiotics, chemicals, moldy hay, grain, sugar cane, contaminated humidifiers
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What are some gases and fumes that can cause disease?
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Nitrogen, CO2, CO, Methane, H2S, NH3, SO2, Phosgene, ozone
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What are some viable aerosols that can cause disease?
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Bacteria, viruses, fungi
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What are some respirator carcinogens that can cause disease?
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Arsenic, asbestos, chromium, radon daughters, nickel, coke oven emissions
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Crystaline silica can cause what disease?
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Silicosis
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Asbestos can cause what disease?
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Asbestosis, lung cancer, mesothelioma
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Coal dust can cause what diseases?
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Coal workers' pneumoconiosis
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Cotton, flax, and hemp can cause what disease?
|
Byssinosis
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Mold hay, grain, sugar cane, and contaminated humidifiers can cause what disease?
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Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
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Nitrogen and other gases can cause what diseases?
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Asphyxiation, irritation, pulmonary edema
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Bacteria, and viruses can cause what diseases?
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Brucellosis, psitticosis, anthrax, mycobacterioses
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Fungi can cause what diseases?
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Histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, cocidioidomycosis
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Arsenic, asbestos, chromium, radon daughters nickel can cause what disease?
|
Lung cancer
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Agricultural workes are exposed to what and can suffer from what possible diseases?
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Exposed: Pesticides, infectious agents, gases, sun-light
Diseases: Pesticide poisoning, farmers' lung skin cancer |
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Caisson workers are exposed to what and can suffer from what possible diseases?
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Exposed: pressurized work environments
Diseases: Caisson disease or the bends |
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Jack hammer operators are exposed to what and can suffer from what possible diseases?
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Exposed: Vibration
Diseases: Raynaud's phenomenon |
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Miners are exposed to what and can suffer from what possible diseases?
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Exposed: Talc, radiation, metals, coal dust, silica
Diseases: Pneumoconioses, lung cancer |
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Plumbers are exposed to what and can suffer from what possible diseases?
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Exposed: lead, solvents, asbestos
Diseases: lead poisoning |
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Railroad workers are exposed to what and can suffer from what possible diseases?
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Exposed: Creosote, sunlight, oils, solvents
Diseases: Cancer, dermatitis |
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Textile workers are exposed to what and can suffer from what possible diseases?
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Exposed: cotton dust, fabrics, finishers, dyes, carbon disulfide
Diseases: Bysinossis, dermatitis, psychosis |
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A deficiency in Thiamine can cause what?
|
Beriberi - impairment of nerve issue function, edema and or wasting
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A deficiency in Riboflavin can cause what?
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Ariboflavinosis - fissures in corner of mouth, swollen purple tongue, dermatitis
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A deficiency in Niacin can cause what?
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Pellagra - diarrhea, dermatitis, impairment of nervous system function psychoses
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A deficiency in Vitamin B4 can cause what?
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Fissures in corner of mouth, anemia, impairment of nervous system and immune system function
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A deficiency in biotin can cause what?
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Flacky dermatitis, loss of appetite, apathy, depression, haliucinations
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A deficiency in folacin can cause what?
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Megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia, skin changes
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A deficiency in Vitamin B12 can cause what?
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Megaloblastic, macrocylic anemia, deterioration of nervous system
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A deficiency in Vitamin C can cause what?
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Scurvy - weakness, aching of joints and musles, bleeding gums, bruise easily, mental changes
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A deficiency in Vitamin A can cause what?
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Mild - night blindness
Severe - xerophthalmia, keratinization of the eye and epithelial tissues, impaired bone growth and reproduction |
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A deficiency in Vitamin D can cause what?
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Children: Rickets, abnormal bone development
Adults: Osteomalacia, loss of bone mineral, reducing density of the bones |
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A deficiency in Vitamin E can cause what?
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Rare in adults: produces a type of anemia in premature infants
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Bacillus Cereus secretes an ___?
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Emetic Toxin
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B. Cereus is a _______ in ___ and ____
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Saprophyte
Water Soil |
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What can B. Cereus contaminate?
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Rice and Meat dishes
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Pseudomonas Cocovenenans can be found in ___?
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Pilynesia
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P. Cocovenenans can cause?
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Bongkrek disease
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Bongkrek is a _____ associated delicacies?
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Coconut
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Ciguatera is a ____toxin?
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Ciguatoxin
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Ciguatera is from ___ skin from ____, ____, _____
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Fish Skin
Snapper Baracuda Amberjack |
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Scombroid produces a _____ that can be found in _____, _____, _____?
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Scombrotoxin
Tuna Mackerel Mahi Mahi |
