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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 consequences of a poor health care system?
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1. duplication
2. Erosion of capacity 3. lack of evaluation 4. diversion |
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What 4 revolutions underway will transform health and health systems?
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1. Systems thinking
2. life sciences 3. information technology 4. social justice and equity |
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Systems thinking involves what 3 components?
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1. interaction
2. leadership 3. ongoing learning |
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Heath systems thinking is good in theory but is not put into practice because of what?
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Short term gains out ride long term goals
(ex. A doctor would rather work on how to heal a patient right then rather than make the transition to systems thinking) |
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Current health care debate has been narrowly focused on what?
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on health care reform rather than health reform
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Categories that are essential to successful health care reform:
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1. universal coverage
2. freedom of choice for patients and doctors 3. affordable costs |
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When determining health of a country, what measure is most often used?
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Life expectancy
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What is diminishing returns?
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Low initial costs and high return value. Such as any type of prevention, exercising, immunizations, etc.
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What term is interchangeable with "health promotion"?
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Education
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What is the trend in obesity over the past 3 decades?
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It has tripled
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We are eating what percentage more calories than 4 decades ago?
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31%
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What is primary prevention?
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Preventative actions before an illness sets in. Examples are immunizations, exercising, eating healthy, etc.
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What is secondary prevention?
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Screenings or actions to take care of the illness that has set in (in the beginning stages).
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What is tertiary prevention?
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Rehabilitation of a disease that has already attacked.
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What are the 2 underlying assumptions of epidemiology?
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1. Disease does not happen by chance, there are patterns for each disease
2. Disease is curable |
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What are the 3 characteristics of a disease causing agent?
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1. Cause happens before the effect
2. It may be positive or negative (negative means that without it, nothing will happen. For example, if you are not exposed to the cold virus you will not get a cold) 3. Any phenomenon, if removed, is preventative |
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Modern epidemiology is what?
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It encompasses everything
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Analytic epidemiology includes what techniques?
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All rigorous study designs. Cohort is a type of study design
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What is association? What is causation?
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Association means two things are related.
Causation means one thing will lead to the other. These two things do not equal each other. |
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Chance
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random error
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Bias
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Reflects partiality and does not reflect the population correctly.
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Confounding
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Skews the data because there is a third underlying factor
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Effect measure modification
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When an exposure/disease relationship is different within levels of another variable. For example, a specific disease may be associated with an exposure in males, but not in females
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Epidemic
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Spread of disease above the expected level in a community
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Endemic
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Expected level of disease in a community
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Pandemic
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An epidemic on a more global standpoint
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Based on "How Pandemics Spread" video, understand why pandemics did not spread when humans were hunter-gatherers?
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We never lived in one place long enough to let the disease settle
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What is the greatest pandemic killer?
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influenza
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The study of global health encompasses what?
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1. Transitional health issues
2. Multi discinplinary 3. focus on health equity 4. population and clinic based |
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Global Health is ____
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Local
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Know where most antibiotic resistance derives from.
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Comes from the developing world due to misuse of the drugs and eventually resistance to the virus
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Overuse of antibiotics results in what public health crisis?
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Antibiotic resistance
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What is the 2nd leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age?
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Diarrhea
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What are consequences of a home with humidity problems?
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-upper respiratory problems
-wheezing and coughing -asthma -depression |
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What are the consequences of a home with temperature problems?
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cold: circulatory problems, respiratory problems, depression, possibly carbon monoxide poisoning (secondary effect)
hot: bad moods, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, aggression |
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What is the cause of many accidents in the workplace and a refusal to implement safety precautions?
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Weak regulations and inaccurate reporting of fraud.
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A reduction in occupational health and safety experience in coal mines were caused by what?
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Same. Weak regulations and inaccurate reporting
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What prevents job fatalities?
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-management commitment
-employee involvement -leadership training -Define, Measure, Act, Improve, Control |
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Heiarchy of Hazard Controls
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-Protective equipment
-administrative controls (signing a form of consent) -engineering controls -elimination or substitution |
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How to eliminate unsafe acts/injuries.
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-training all personnel
-making all the rules -measuring that personnel -following the rules -rewarding those who follow the rules |
