Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
How many people are bitten in US annually?
|
500,000 to 1 million
|
|
|
Age group most at risk of getting bitten
|
Under 15 years
|
|
|
Most common bite-acquired infection requiring hospitilization
|
Pasteurella multocida
|
|
|
Most common bacteria in bite wounds
|
a-hemolytic Streptococcus
Anaerobes |
|
|
List 5 risk factors for a bite wound getting infected
|
1. Victim over 50 years
2. Puncture wound prevents thorough cleansing 3. Bites on hands (joints and tendons here) 4. Delay of over 24h in seeking treatment 5. Inadequate debridement and irrigation immediately after bite |
|
|
Syndrome caused by Capnocytophaga canimorous, a gram negative thin rod
|
DF-2, aka dysgonic fermentor
|
|
|
Where is DF-2 found?
|
Oral cavity of dogs, cats, ruminants
|
|
|
When is DF-2 most virulent?
|
In innumocompromised patients
|
|
|
Who is most at risk of acquiring DF-2 after a dog bite?
|
Immunocompromised individuals
Alcoholics Splenectomized individuals |
|
|
What are the clinical signs of DF-2 in dogs?
|
Asymptomatic
|
|
|
What are the clinical signs of DF-2 in humans?
|
Gram negative sepsis, with tropism for vascular endothelium and the endocadium
|
|
|
How can one prevent or control DF-2?
|
Clean bite wounds well
Prophylactic antibiotics for dog bited in at risk individuals |
|
|
Disease caused by Bartonella hensleae, a small plieomorphic Gram negative bacillus
|
Cat scratch fever
|
|
|
How prevalent is Bartonella hensleae in healthy cats?
|
25-41%, most commonly in cats under 2 years
|
|
|
How is Bartonella acquired?
|
Cat bites, cat scratches, or cats licking wounds
|
|
|
How long may a cat carrying Bartonella hensleae transmit the agent?
|
Only for 2-3 weeks
|
|
|
Age group most commonly affected by cat scratch fever
|
Children (75% of cases!)
|
|
|
Benign self limiting disease characterized by tender regional lymphadenopathy that lasts for several months, and an intitial skin papule or pustule.
|
Bartonellosis/ Cat scratch fever
|
|
|
How frequently does Bartonellosis cause sore throat, malaise, fever, headache, splenomegaly, and stomach cramps?
|
Under 30% cases
|
|
|
How frequently does Bartonellosis lead to bacillary angiomatosis?
|
10% of cases
|
|
|
Proliferation of small blood vessels in skin and visceral organs in immunocompromised individuals. Caused by Bartonela hensleae.
|
Bacillary angiomatosis
|
|
|
Bartonellosis can cause a syndrome that may present as tonsilitis, encephalitis, cerebral arteritis, granulomatous hepatitis, pneumonia, or thrombocytopenic purpura
|
Bacillary angiomatosis
|
|
|
Lymphoma would be on the rule out list in a young adult with this infection, due to tender lymphadenopathy.
|
Bartonella hensleae
aka Cat scratch fever |
|
|
How is bartonellosis treated?
|
LN aspiration, doxycycline, erythromycin, and rifampin
|
|
|
How can Bartonella hensleae be controlled?
|
Clean all scratches or bite wounds thoroughly
Avoid cat saliva, especially on open wounds Flea control Wash hands after handling cats Declaw or put soft paws on cats |
|
|
DImorphic fungus that forms yeasts in body tissues. Grows naturaly in soil.
|
Sporothrix schenkii
|
|
|
How is Sporothrix schenkii acquired?
|
Penetrating wound, rarely inhalation from soil
Man can acquire infection from cat without interruption of skin. |
|
|
How do infected cats shed Sporothrix schenkii?
|
From wounds and in feces
|
|
|
This disease of cats causes small draining puncture wounds to appear on the extremities, head, and base of the tail. They may become cavitatied ulcers.
|
Sporotrichosis
|
|
|
Clinical signs of sporotrichosis in man
|
Ulcerated nodules
Painful lymphadenopathy |
|
|
List three drugs used to treat Sporotrichosis
|
Iodides
Ketoconazole Amphotericin B |
|
|
How can sporotrichosis be controlled?
|
Wear exam gloves when examining draining lesions in cat
Proper cleaning of hands, forearms, and equipment |
|
|
True or false: Sporothrix schenkii can penetrate intact skin
|
True
|
|
|
Mycobacterium isolate assocated with humans.
|
M. tuberculosis
|
|
|
Mycobacterium isolate associated with ruminants and cervids.
|
M. bovis
|
|
|
Mycobacterium isolate associated with fish and aquarium exposure.
|
M. marinum
|
|
|
3 ways in which Mycobacterium is transmitted.
|
Inhalation
Ingestion Inoculation |
|
|
Mycobacterium isolate becoming increasingly prevalent in AIDS patients.
|
M. avium
|
|
|
List three isolates of Mycobacterium that form the MAC complex seen in AIDS patients
|
M. avium
M. intracellulare M. paratuberculosis |
|
|
Isolate of Mycobacterium isolated from individuals with Crohn's disease and IBD.
|
M. paratuberculosis
|
|
|
With this infection, papules develop into non-healing painless ulcers with regional lumphadenopathy. Chronic pneumonia and wasting follow. Less commonly patients may get genitourinary infections, bone and joint involvement, or meningitis.
|
Mycobacterium
|
|
|
Clinical signs of Mycobacterium infection in animals
|
Granulomatous lesions in any organ and/or lymph nodes
|
|
|
Mycobacterium infections are treated with
|
Isonazid, rifampin
|
|
|
How can tuberculosis be controlled?
|
Pasteurize milk, TB testing of animal populations and removal of infected animals, wear gloves when handling infected animals.
|
|
|
Technical name for "Undulant Fever"
|
Brucellosis
|
|
|
Two species of Brucella that affect people most commonly
|
B. abortus
B. mellitensis |
|
|
Two strains of Brucella that do not affect people.
|
B. neotomae
B. ovis |
|
|
How is Brucella acquired?
|
Direct contact with fetal fluids
Ingestion of animal products Inhalation during slaughter procedure Accidental injection with strain 19 vaccine |
|
|
This disease causes an intermittent fever, sudden onset septicemia, chills, and profuse sweating. Muscular weakness and exercise intolarance are also common.
|
Brucellosis
|
|
|
Possible complications of Brucellosis include...
|
encephalitis
meningitis spondylitis arthritis vegetative endocarditis |
|
|
Brucella may have a serologic cross reaction with this bacteria.
|
Yersinia entercolitica
|
|
|
How is Brucella treated? Why is treatment difficult?
|
Tertacycline, trimethoprim sulfa, doxycycline, and rifampin for 6 weeks
Difficult to treat b/c intracellular |
|
|
How can Brucellosis be controlled?
|
Pasteurize milk, wear OB attire, gloves for vaccine administration, testing and removal
|
|
|
Agent that causes pseudotuberculosis
|
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
|
|
|
Two ways in which man may acquire pseudotuberculosis
|
Contact with infected animals or ingestion of food contaminated with feces and/or urine from infected animals
|
|
|
Reservoir of pseudotuberculosis
|
Fowl and rodents
(Cats and dogs may be infected by eating reservoir hosts) |
|
|
This disease in man appears with acute mesenteric lymphadenopathy, inflammed appendix, and inflammed iliocecal lymph nodes
|
Pseudotuberculosis
|
|
|
How does pseudotuberculosis present in cats?
|
Anorexia, gastroenteritis, jaundice, palpable mesenteric LN, hepatomegaly, splenomagaly
|
|
|
How does pseudotuberculosis appear in guinea pigs?
|
Enlarged mesenteric LN
Nodular abcesses in intestinal wall, spleen, and liver Rapid weight loss/diarrhea |
|
|
How may pseudotuberculosis be controlled?
|
Proper cooking of meat
Basic hygiene |
|
|
Major reservoir of Yersinia enterolytica
|
Pigs
(Outbreaks also seen in puppies and kittens) |
|
|
Clinical signs of Yersinia enterolytica in humans
|
Appendicitis like symptoms, diarrhea, abdominal pain
|
|
|
Age groups most susceptible to Yersinia enterolytica
|
Children and very old
|
|
|
How is Yersinia enterolytica acquired?
|
Ingestion (associated with chitterlings in particular)
|
|
|
Bacteria present in up to 85% of captive raised reptiles
|
Salmonella typhimurium
|
|
|
Two ways in which Salmonella may be acquired
|
Fecal-oral route
Inhalation of infected vacuum dust |
|
|
Clinical signs of Salmonella infection
|
Self-limiting GI signs
|
|
|
List some of the CDC recommendations fro preventing transmission of Salmonella from reptiles to humans
|
1. Provide info to owners and potential buyers
2. Wash hands after handling reptiles or cages 3. Children under 5 and immunocompromised people should avoid reptile contact 4. Keep reptiles out of hoseholds with at-risk individuals 5. Reptiles should not be in child-care centers 6. Reptiles should not roam freely in homs 7. Pet reptiles should be kept out of kitchens |
|
|
This motile, gram negative rod is s-shaped and causes gastroenteritis, bloody and non-bloody BM's, and abdominal pain.
|
Campylobacter jejuni
|
|
|
How long does it usually take to recover from Campylobacter jejuni?
|
7-10 days
|
|
|
How is Campylobacter jejuni treated?
|
Erythromycin
|
|
|
How is Campylobacter jejuni controlled?
|
Proper food preparation
Avoid fecal-oral transmission General hygiene |
|
|
List three bacterial species that may cause abortions in pregnant women.
|
Campyobacter fetus fetus
Brucella abortus Listeria monocytogenes |
|
|
Agent responsible for bubonic plague
|
Yersinia pestis
|
|
|
Disease associated with prairie dogs in Western US, also ground squirrels in California.
|
Yersinia pestis, aka bubonic plague
|
|
|
Yersinia pestis occasionally affects this domestic species
|
Cats who eat affected rodents
|
|
|
How is Yersinia pestis acquired? List three ways.
|
From infected flea bites of Xenopsylla cheopsis
Exposure through skin abrasions or animal bites From infected cats with draining abcesses and/or pneumonia |
|
|
Symptoms of bubonic plague include:
|
Vesicular lesion at site of exposure with subsequent lymphadenopathy (buboe formation) and septicemia
Pneumonic disease may either be secondary to conventional disease or primary if inhaled |
|
|
Septic Yersinia pestis affects which body system?
|
CNS
|
|
|
List methods of control for Yersinia pestis
|
Insecticides and rodenticides
Proper handling of pneumonic cats and cats with lymphadnopathy-- gloves, eye protection, masks. |
|
|
Agent responsible for tularemia
|
Francisella tularensis types A and B
A more virulent |
|
|
Where was the last major outbreak of tularemia in the US?
|
Martha's VIneyard in the 1990's
|
|
|
Wild rabbits and hares serve as main source of this disease in North America
|
Tularemia
|
|
|
How do rabbits acquire tularemia?
|
Bites of Ixodes and Dermacentor ticks
|
|
|
How may tularemia be acquired?
|
Through scratches/cuts on skin
Through conjunctiva Consumption of contaminated water or meat Inhalation from dust or wool Handling cats that recently caught sick animals Sick cats |
|
|
What are the clinical signs of tularemia in cats?
|
Malaise, oral ulcers, lymphadenopathy
|
|
|
What are the four forms of tularemia in man?
|
Ulceroglandular form (85%)
--necrotic ulceration and local lymphadenopathy Oculoglandular form Pneumonic form (most fatal!) Typhoid form --gatroenteritis |
|
|
You are necropsying a rabbit and see that it has swollen lymph nodes, splenic abcesses, and liver necrosis and abcesses. You may very well be dealing with this zoonosis.
|
Tularemia
|
|
|
Two drugs used to treat tularemia
|
Streptomycin
Gentamycin |
|
|
List four methods for controlling tularemia.
|
Wear gloves when necropsying or dressing animals
Properly cook game Disinfect water Insect repellent |
|
|
This agent causes a disease that goes by Weil's Disease, Swineherder's Disease, or Stuttgart Disease
|
Leptospira
|
|
|
What environmental conditions does Leptospira prefer?
|
High humidity
Neutral to slightly basic soil Warm temperatures |
|
|
How can Leptospira be acquired?
|
Infected urine
Milk, placental material, fetuses Contaminated water |
|
|
This organism may penetrate mucous membranes, abrasions in the skin, and skin softened by water
|
Leptospira
|
|
|
Two serovars of Leptospira that dogs are vaccinated against commonly
|
L. canicola and L. icterhemorrhagicum
|
|
|
Three serovars of Leptospira that have been infecting dogs recently, as they are not included in commercial vaccines for dogs.
|
L. bratislava
L. grippotyphosus L. pomona |
|
|
Leptospira is very common in these highly persistent shedders.
|
Rodents
|
|
|
List some species that serve as carriers of Leptospira
|
Deer, opossum, raccoons, skunks, foxes, rabbits, swine, cattle
|
|
|
Two forms of Leptospira
|
Anicteric form (resembles flu)
Icteric form |
|
|
Which form of Lepotspirosis has clinical signs such as fever, chils, myalgia, stiff neck, and vomiting?
|
Anicteric form
|
|
|
Which form of Leptospirosis has clinical signs that include aseptic meningitis, jaundice, petichia of skin, renal insufficiency, and hepatomegaly?
|
Icteric form
|
|
|
How is Leptospirosis diagnosed?
|
Microscopic agglutination test
Blood culture first week Urine culture after first week |
|
|
How may Leptospirosis be controlled?
|
Proper clothing, personal hygiene, rodent control
Keep rodents out of food prep areas Proper control of environment and vaccination to control in population |
|
|
Intracellular agent causing psittacosis
|
Chlamydiophila psittaci
|
|
|
How is Chlamydiophila psittaci acquired?
|
Inhalation of airborne agent
|
|
|
Most common reservoirs of Chlamydiophila psittact include...
|
Parrots, parakeets, love birds, pigeons
|
|
|
Psittacosis poses an ocupational hazard, especially for those working with...
|
Turkeys
|
|
|
Clinical signs of psittacosis in man
|
Respiratory illness, cough, chest pain, pharyngitis, pleurisy, pneumonia
|
|
|
Clinical signs of psittacosis in birds
|
GI signs
Occasionally conjunctivitis, pneumonitis |
|
|
Treatment for psittacosis includes
|
Tetracyclines, doxycycline
|
|
|
How can you control the spread of psittacosis?
|
Avoid aerosolizing bird droppings
Quarantine and treat birds 0.5% chlortetracycline in birds' feed for 45 days Test birds with elementary body agglutination test for IgM |
|
|
Chlamydia species affecting sheep.
|
Chlamydiophila abortus
|
|
|
How is Chlamydiophila abortus transmitted?
|
Fetal and uterine fluids of infected ewes.
|
|
|
Chlamydiophila abortus may cause what human complication?
|
Abortion in pregnant women
|
|
|
Which Chlamydiophila is considered a non-human pathogen?
|
C. felis
|
|
|
Agent responsible for Q fever
|
Coxiella burnetti
|
|
|
How is Coxiella acquired?
|
Uterine discharges, urine, feces, milk, wool in slaughter houses, zoo animals, queening cats and kindling rabbits
|
|
|
A sheep veterinarian comes down with a fever, chills, sweating, malaise, fever, and sinus headache. His assistant develops a dry cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, pneumonitis, endocarditis, and splenomegaly. What organism could cause both symptom sets?
|
Coxiella burnetti
|
|
|
What is the main indicator of Q fever that may be seen in carrier animals?
|
Abortion in sheep and goats
|
|
|
Most reported tick-borne disease in North America
|
Lyme disease
|
|
|
Agent responsible for Lyme disease
|
Borrelia burgdorferi
|
|
|
How is Borrelia burgdorferi transmitted?
|
Bite of Ixodes scapularis/pacificus
|
|
|
How long must a tick stay attached to a host to transmit Borrelia burgdorferi?
|
48 hours
|
|
|
Clinical signs of Lyme disease in the dog include...
|
Arthritis, shifting leg lameness, fever, anorexia, lymphadenopathy, renal disease
|
|
|
Erythema chronicum migrans is a common initial sign of what disease?
|
Lyme disease
|
|
|
This disease is marked by a non-pruritic erythema, malaise, fever, arthralgia, cephalgia, and myalgia.
|
Lyme disease
|
|
|
What CNS signs may develop weeks to months after an initial Lyme disease diagnosis?
|
Meningitis, encephalitis, and facial paralysis
|
|
|
How is Lyme disease treated?
|
Doxycycline (amoxicillin in children) for 10-30 days
|
|
|
How can Lyme disease be prevented?
|
Avoid tall grass and dense vegetation
Keep grass short in yards Wear light colored clothing Tuck pants into boots and wear long sleeves Conduct tick checks on yourself, kids, and pets Apply DEET tick repellent to areas of body that may be exposed to ticks. |
|
|
List some zoonotic diseases to which AIDS patients are especially susceptible.
|
Toxoplasmosis
Cryptosporidiosis Salmonellosis Rhodococcus Microsporidiosis Bartonellosis Campylobacteriosis Mycoplasma avium |
|
|
Toxoplasma is acquired by...
|
Ingestion of undercooked meats or unwashed produce, in utero, or thru poor hygiene when handling soil or litter containing cat feces
|
|
|
List some sources of a Cryptosporidium infection in humans
|
Human oral anal contact
Contact with sick calves or cats with crypto |
|
|
What kinds of animals should an immunosuppressed person avoid?
|
Immunosuppressed animals
Exotic or wild animals Stray dogs and cats Sick animals (especially with diarrhea) |
|
|
Is it okay for an AIDS patient to have a pet cat? If so, under what circumstances?
|
Yes, they should just was hands after cleaning litter box or have someone else change the box daily. The cat should also be kept indoors or be belled toprevent hunting.
|
|
|
How great is the health risk if an immunocompromised individual keeps pet birds?
|
Low risk
|
|
|
Immunocompromised individuals should NOT own these animals.
|
Reptiles (Salmonella risk)
|
