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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Smoking kills about how many people per year in the United States?
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400,000
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What is the number one killer of people in the United States?
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Smoking
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What is the second largest killer of people in the United States?
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An improper diet
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What are some major diet related cancers?
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Breast cancer, Colon cancer and Prostate cancer
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How many grams of fat are in a typical American's diet?
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125 grams of fat
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How many mg of cholesterol in a typical American's diet?
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800 mg of cholesterol
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Why do people in China and Southern Italy have a lower risk of heart disease and cancer than American's do?
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Because they eat less fat and more vegetables
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How much less likely is someone in china to get heart disease or breast cancer compared to American's
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1/10th the risk of heart disease
1/6th the risk of breast cancer |
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What is the percentage of total fat that American's eat is saturated fat?
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50%
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What should Americans reduce their total fat intake to compared to total calories?
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Reduce it to only 30% of total calories
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Saturated fat in an American's diet should be no more than _____ of the total fat intake?
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10%
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What foods should be avoided if one is trying to reduce the amount of fat in their diet?
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Red meat with fat, whole milk, and butter
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What are some recommended foods that one should eat if they are trying to reduce the amount of fat in their diet?
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Ground turkey breast, skim mild, and vegetable oils
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How much money does the U.S.A spend each year on by-pass (cardiac) surgery?
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30 billion dollars
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Who's work on a strict fat free diet or low fat diet has been helpful in the prevention of heart by-pass surgery?
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Ornish's
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What do vegetables contain that is considered an anti-cancer agent?
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Anti-oxidants
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What type of chemicals can prevent cancer?
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Phytochemicals
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Which is healthier, filtered coffee or unfiltered coffee?
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Filtered coffee is healthier
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One should not have more than _____ mg of cholesterol for every _____ ml of blood?
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200, 100
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LDL should not be more than ____ mg/100 ml of blood?
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130 mg
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HDL should be _____mg per 100 ml or more of blood?
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45 mg
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HDL is considered what type of cholesterol?
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Good/Friendly Cholesterol
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Epidemiology is the study of what?
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1.) The spread of disease within a population
2.) The study of populations to seek the causes of health and disease 3.) The study of distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations |
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How can the word Epidemiology be broken down?
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Epi - means "on, upon, befall"
Demo - means " people, population" Ology - means "the study of" |
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The term Epidemiology literally means _____?
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That which befalls man
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With regards to Epidemiolgy what does the word incidence refer to?
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The number of new cases per 100,00 people in one year
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With regards to Epidemiology what does the word prevalence refer to?
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The total number of cases (people infected) within the population at any time.
It includes both the old and the new cases |
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What is the definition of Morbidity?
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The total number of individuals affcted by a disease during a set period in the population
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What is the definition of Mortality?
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The total number of deaths due to a disease in population during a specific period in relation to the total population
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With regards to public health what is the definition of Epidemic?
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Any disease with higher than normal incidence in a population over a relatively short period of time
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With regards to public health what is the definition of Endemic?
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A disease that occurs continuously in expected cycles in a population, with a certain number of cases expected for a given period
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With regards to public health what is the definition of Pandemic?
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A disease affecting the majority of the population of a large region, or a disease that is in epidemic proportion at the same time in many different parts (regions) of the world
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What are some examples of disease that have been considered an Epidemic?
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Measles, Chicken Pox
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What disease has been considered to be an Endemic?
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Tuberculosis
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What disease have been considered to be a Pandemic?
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AIDS, Swine flu, Hong Kong flu
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What is the definition of Etiology?
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Assignment of study of causative agents of diseases
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How is Bacterial Etiology established?
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By using Koch's postulates
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How is Viral Etiology established?
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By using River's postulates
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What is the definition of Sporadic disease?
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A disease that occurs in random and unpredictable manner, often shows isolated cases
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Does sporadic disease pose a great threat to a population as a whole?
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Nope
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What organization decides which infectious diseases should be reported?
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CSTE (Council on State and Territorial Empidemiology)
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In 2003, how many infectious diseases were on the potentially harmful to public list?
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58 infectious diseases
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Why does the CSTE see it important to compile a list of infectious diseases that need to be reported?
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Because it:
1.) helps in handling/saving lives 2.) helps in following outbreaks 3.) It shows trends that can facilitate predictions 4.) Helps them and other organizations get ready for future outbreaks |
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What is a prospective epidemiological study?
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A study that starts in the present and monitors a group of people into the future?
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What is a retrospective epidemiological study?
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A study that looks into the past for causes of diseases that people currently suffer from
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What is the purpose of both the prospective and retrospective epidemiological studies?
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It is to establish associations between exposure to the causative factor and disease or other health outcomes
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What type of study is an exception to the rule that epidemiologists do not do experiments?
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An intervention study
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What are 3 examples of prospective and retrospective studies?
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Intervention study, Cohort study, Case control study
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Intervention studies typically involve what 3 things?
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A Placebo, A Double Blind, and Randomization
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What type of study does the FDA require be conducted for approval of any product?
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Intervention studies
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What are some examples of studies that have used Intervention method to gain results?
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1.)Polio vaccine studies of 1954
2.) Asprin caused reduction of heart disease 3.) Beta carotene reduces incidence of cancer 4.) fluoride for prevention of tooth decay |
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Cohort studies are _____?
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Studies that link exposures to results by observations alone without any intervention
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How are Cohort studies usually conducted?
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Typically a large number of healthy people are questioned about their exposure and then observed over a period of time
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How would you define case control studies?
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Studies that start with people who are already sick and look back to determine the exposure
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Which of the 2 types of studies (cohort and case control) is more accurate?
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Case control studies are more accurate than cohort as a smaller group is focused
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What is one example wher a case control study has been used?
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The establishment of Reye's syndrome to Aspirin use
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When was the greatest number of incidences of St. Louis Encephalitis in the U.S?
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In 1975, there were more than 750 cases reported
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What time of year are there typically the most cases of chicken pox cases in the United States?
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During the Spring
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When was the first epidemiological study done in the world?
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1854
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What was the name of the physician who conducted the first epidemiological study
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John Snow
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What was John Snow looking for when he conducted his study in 1854?
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He was trying to find a cause for an outbreak of cholera cases in London
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What is the virus/bacteria responsible for cholera?
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Vibrio Cholerae
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What was the outcome of John Snow's study in 1854?
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He found that the reason for an outbreak of cholera in London was due to contamination of a water pump by sewage
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What does MMWR stand for?
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The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
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Who puts out the MMWR?
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The CDC
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What is the number one public health threat to people?
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Tobacco use/smoking
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What is the number 2 public health threat to people?
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Cardiovascular disease related to obesity
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When was the first use of penicillin in the U.S?
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1940's
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When was the last human-to-human transmission of plague?
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1920's
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What are the top 3 concerns to Public Health authorities?
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Smoking, Obesity (cardiovascular disease), and alcohol use
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Which organization has set the definition for public health?
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World Health Organization
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When did the WHO first come about?
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1945
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Where was the idea of a WHO first talked about, and who proposed and seconded it?
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During a U.N. meeting
proposed by Brazil and seconded by U.S. |
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About how many countries are involved in the WHO?
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approximately 160 countries
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What was the definition that the WHO came up with for public health?
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Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity; that enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distintion of race, religion, pollitical belief, economic or social condition and that achievement of any state in the promotion and protection of health is of value to all
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What are the three top functions of the WHO?
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1.) strengthening individual national health services
2.) Training health workers and developing training programs 3.) aiding the attach on major diseases |
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As of 2007 what was the death rate in the U.S.A?
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8.6/1000 or .86%
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As of 2007 what was the rirth rate in the U.S.A?
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14.7/1000 or 1.4%
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Acording to the death and birth rate of 2007, how long will it take the U.S.A to double its population?
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97 years
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When did Winslow come up with his definition of public health?
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1920
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what were the 3 main things winslow came up with to define public health?
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1.) preventing disease
2.) prolonging life 3.) promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort |
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What is the percentage of US hospitals were discovered as to be double billing patients for their care?
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89%
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When did public health become a major priority in russia?
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1917
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What did russia due to show its population that they were concerned about public health in the early goings?
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They build hospitals and tuberculosis sanitariums
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What did russia promise its people when they started their public health campaign?
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Free medical care
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Even though russia was seeing good results in the 1930's why did public health ulitmately decline?
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because of the iron curtain policy or secrecy; and attention turned to industrial activity
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Today the death rate is nearly ____ as much as births in russia?
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twice
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What was the life expectancy in russia in 1962-1963?
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65.4 years
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In 1994 what did the life expectancy drop to in russia?
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57.3 years
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From 1962-1994 what did the life expectancy go from and to in the United States?
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Went from 66.4 years up to 72.4 years
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As of today what is the life expectancy in the U.S.?
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77.5 years
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How did the infant mortality rate in 1993 differ from the US, and Russia?
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In russia the infant mortality rate was almost 2% where as in the US it was .7%
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What was the percentage of babies born in russia that showed serious birth defects?
In the US? |
10% in russia
2% in USA |
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In russia what percentage of children are fully immunized, compared to children in the US?
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50% in russia
above 95% in USA |
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In 2000 how many fewer cases of measles were there compared to 1941?
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900,000 fewer cases
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In 2000 how many fewer cases of diphtheria were there compared to 1921?
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200,000 fewer cases
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In 2000 how many fewer cases of pertussis were there compared to 1934?
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250,000
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In 2000 how many fewer cases of polio were there compared to 1951?
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21,000
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Due to the antismoking campaign that started in 1965 how many fewer smokers are than there would have been today?
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45 million
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When did the antismoking campaign first start?
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1965
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Due to are public health efforts there are 2 million american alive today who would have died from ________ and ______?
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Heart disease and Stroke
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How many americans alive today because of the seatbelt law?
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100,000
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There are ____ fewer cases of Hepatitis B and C due to screening of blood supply?
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1.5 million fewer cases
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What was the life expectancy in the US in 1900?
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47 years
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What was the infant mortality rate in 1900?
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11%
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What is the national BAC limit in the US?
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.08%
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What are the major pubic health killers of people in the US as of today?
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Cardio vascular diseases and cancers
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Other than CVD's and cancers what are some other public health killers of people in the US?
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Tobacco use, diet and activity, alcohol consumption, cost of health care, uninsured,......
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How many people die per year because of accidental deaths?
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150,000
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How many people are permantly disabled due to acciental injuries?
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500,000
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What is the cost to treat the 500,000 people who are permantely disabled per year?
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the cost is over 200 billion
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what is the percentage of accidental deaths/injuries that can be prevented?
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90%
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What is american currency defined as according to drug abuse/addiction?
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Hard currency
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What is the number one reason why health care needs to re reformed?
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Because it is the most expensive system in the world
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What percentage of people in the US, don't have access to health care?
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17%
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Why is the cost for health care rising in the US?
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1.) aging population needs more care
2.) expensive new technologies are constantly being developed 3.) administrative costs are rising 4.) billions wasted on useless tests/treatments because of malpractice suits 5.) financial incentives to doctors for overtreatment |
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What has been the trend for the median age in the US since 1860?
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It has been rising
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What was the median age in 1860? 1994? today? expected to be in 2030?
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1860 - 20 years
1994 - 34 years today - 36 years 2030 - 39 years expected |
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In the year 2050 there are expected to be __________ million people over the age of 85?
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19-27 million people
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Why has there been such a drain on social security as time has gone on?
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because when it started there were 11 people taking care of 1 retiree as opposed to 3 today
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_______ out number ________ by 5:2 in oldest population?
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Females
Males |
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What are the top 5 greatest achievments of public health efforts?
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1.) Vaccination
2.) Motor Vehicle safety 3.) Safety at work 4.) control of infectious diseases 5.) prevention of death due to CVD and Stroke |
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Who sponsors healthy people 2010?
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Health and Human Services
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According to healthy people 2010 what percentage of adults and adolescents smoked in the 1990's and how many are projected to smoke in 2010?
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Adults 1990's - 24%
Adolescents 1990's - 35% Adults 2010 - 12% Adolescents 2010 - 16% |
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What was the percentage of children/adolescents who were obese in 1990's and expected in 2010?
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11% in the 90's
5% in 2010 |
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What does AIDS stand for?
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Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome
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Name the 3 doctors involved in AIDS and AIDS research?
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Dr. Michael Gottlieb
Dr. Luc Montagnier Dr. Robert Gallo |
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Who was the 1st person to recognize the AIDS virus?
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Dr. Luc Montagnier
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Who in 2007 won a nobel prize for his work on the AIDS virus?
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Dr. Luc Montagnier
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What were some of the earliest name of AIDS?
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GRID - Gay Related Immune Disease
LAV - Lymphadenopathy Virus HTLV - Human T-cell Leukemia/lymphoma virus |
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When did the virus that causes AIDS finally get the designation of HIV?
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1986
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What does HIV stand for?
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Human Immuno-deficiency virus
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HIV is a virus that is _____ (RNA/DNA) containing ____virus with reverse transcriptase
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RNA and Retro
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When was ELISA first used to diagnose HIV/AIDS?
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1984
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What are some ways to diagnose HIV/AIDS?
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ELISA, Western Blot and PCR
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How much does AIDS cost per year in the USA?
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25 billion dollars per year
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What are the 3 theories that we went over for the origin of HIV?
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1.) Conspiracy - A terrorist created this from retrovirus
2.) It was an outcome of Polio vaccination in the 1950's in Belgian Congo 3.) Derived from an ape or monkey virus |
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Who in 1999 from the university of alabama birmingham showed a close link of HIV-1 to African Chimpanzee PAN TROGLODYTES?
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Beatrice Hahn
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Of the 3 theories of HIV that we discussed has been rulled out by a task force?
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The theory that it was an outcome of polio vaccination in 1950's in belgian congo
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What is the mortality rate for people who have AIDS?
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64%
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How many people in the USA have AIDS?
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4-5 million people
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At the end of 2002 how many patients had AIDS and how many of those had died?
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886,575 had AIDS
501669 had Died |
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AIDS is the _____ leading cause of death in 25-44 year olds?
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6th leading cause
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Only about ______% of people know they have AIDS virus?
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25%
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In the world what percentage of people who have aids acquired it heterosexually?
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70-80%
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In developing nations ____% of AIDS patients acquire it via mothers milk?
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40%
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By the end of 2004 there were an anticipated _______ number of HIV + cases?
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46 million
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Of the anticipated 46 million people who were HIV + at the end of 2004 how many have died because of AIDS?
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4 million
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As of today how many people are expected to have AIDS?
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100's of millions of people are HIV+/ have AIDS
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What does BCG stand for?
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Bacille Calmette Guerin
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What is the #1 killer of AIDS patients?
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Pneumocystis Jeruvici
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What was the earlier name of Pneumocystis Jeruvici?
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Pneumocystis Carinii
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What is the #2 killer of AIDS patients?
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Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
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Why is AIDS such a deadly disease?
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Because AIDS patients usually don't just have AIDS they also have multiple other infections
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In 1995 what was the drug that was developed to help fight the AIDS virus?
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Azidothymidine (AZT)
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In 1995 AIDS was the ____ leading cause of death in the US and had killed approximately how many people?
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8th leading cause
killed ~38,000 |
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Today, how many people die of AIDS per year
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~12,000
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Why has the number of people that die from AIDS gone down from 1995 till today?
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Because of what is called as a cocktail therapy
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Why is AZT not used by itself today and is now instead coupled with other drugs?
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because a person can becom tolerant to it
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Which 3 drugs are typically used to treat AIDS in the AIDS cocktail?
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AZT, Efavirenz, and Saquinavir
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Efavirenz is a _________ inhibitor?
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Reverse transcriptase inhibitor
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Saquinavir is a _______ inhibitor?
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Protease inhibitor
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AZT is a ________ inhibitor?
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Reverse transcriptase inhibitor
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What drug can be safely given to prenant women to help prevent neonatal aids?
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AZT
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What T-Cells does the AIDS virus specifically go after?
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the CD4 cell
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What is the most common way for a man to contract AIDS/HIV?
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Men who have sex with men
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What is the 2nd most common way for the transmission of AIDS?
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Injecting oneself with a not appropriately steralized needle
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What is the 3rd most common way for the Transmisson of AIDS?
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Heterosexual contact
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what is the 4th and 5th most common way to transmit AIDS?
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4th - Men who have sex with men and do drugs that require sticking themselves with needles
5th - Pediatric cases |
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What are the steps for viral replication of AIDS?
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1.) Attachement
2.) Uncoating 3.) Reverse transcription of single strand RNA 4.) DNA Synthesis of secon strand 5.) Migration to nucleus 6.) Integration 7.) Viral transcription 8.) RNA nuclear transport 9.) Protein synthesis 10.) RNA packaging and virion assembly 11.) Viral proteins move into cell membrane 12.) release of virus 13.) Maturation completed |
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What are 5 ways to stop the spread of AIDS?
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1.) Abstain from sexual intercourse
2.) Practice safe sex 3.) Avoid Fellatio and Cunnilingus 4.) Stop or don't start injecting drugs into veins 5.) Do not use alcohol or any drugs in a way that may prevent you from being able to control your behavior |
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What is Fellatio?
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Kissing and insertion of the penis into a partner's mouth
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What is Cunnilingus?
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Kissing and insertion of the tongue into the vagina
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