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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Disease Adjusted Life Years (DALY) |
measurement of burden of disease one DALY is one healthy year lost due to a disability |
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health adjusted life years (HALY) |
based on mortality and morbity prediction of how long they can live with a certain disease |
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3 core functions of public health |
health assessment (what needs to be done) health assurance (making sure that things happen) policy development (being part of the solution) |
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case reports |
tell about range of human experiences tell people what COULD happen (freak accidents) |
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case series |
tracking common experience put together a bunch of case reports that follow same trend |
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cross sectional study |
prevalence study of individuals: correlations among variables does one disease lead to another (how much sleep do u get- whats your grade in math? is it related??) |
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ecological study |
prevalence study of populations:correlations among variable studies based on geography does a disease occur b/c of where they live t |
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cohort studies |
watch a big group of people who share a common characteristic (live in same place, work together) watch progress through life to see if they develop conditions (compare 2 ppl, 1 has been exposed 1 has not) |
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prospective cohort study |
no controls follow ppl around for a long time follow 1 group that does 1 behavior and one that does determines how factors affect an outcome |
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basic design strategy of case-control studies |
compares patients who have a disease (cases) with patients who do not have the disease (controls) |
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case control |
interviews people. asks a question to one group with condition and one without to see if things are related opposite of cohort ex. ask ppl with breast cancer do u sleep w lights on |
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odds ratio |
measure of association b/w exposure and outcome represents the odds that an outcome with occur given a particular exposure calculated by 2 by 2 frequency table |
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frequency table |
odds ratio a= # exposed case b= # exposed non-cases c= # unexposed cases d= #unexposed non-cases (a/c) divided by (b/d) === ad divided by bc |
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infant mortality rate calculated |
# of deaths divided by # of live births over defined period x100,000 to make realer numbers |
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health informatics activites (4) |
data gathering health info technology combining and linking datasets release of data |
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what does a death certificate identify |
ONLY cause of death no private info. no behaviors associated w death |
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key principles of public health system that provide programs/services to nation |
data systems resources organizations workers |
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role of centers for disease control and prevention CDC |
protection from disease outbreaks conducts epidemic investigations promotes pub health measure aimed at CONTROL and PREVENTION |
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role of national institue of health (NIH) |
conduct scientific research gives grants to other to looks into healthier lifestyles |
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role of agency for healthcare research and quality AHRQ |
improve quality, safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of health care for americans |
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role of FDA |
protects consumer w authority for safety of foods and safety and efficacy of drugs |
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vital statistics |
govt database recording births and deaths of individuals ie. births, infant mortality, gender, race available to public |
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strength of the association in public health |
degree of relationship b/w a factor and the occurence of a disease (80% of ppl with lunch cancer smoke - large association) |
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health promotion activities |
commercials, signs, community activities not instant results- hope will change things in long run |
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how does community engagement impact public health |
reaching out the community usually has positive impact but can have no impact |
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epidemic |
when a disease has increased in frequency in a defined geographic area far above its usual rate |
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pandemix |
epidemic occurring worldwide crossing international bounderies many ppl |
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endemic |
a disease is always in a community but at a low rate |
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surveillance data |
(vital statistics) keeps track of births and deaths (everything) early warning sign for health emergencies document impact of intervention
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population study |
looking at a particular population
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informed decision making |
doctor merely informs patient what is planned tells risks |
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shared decision making |
doctor directly or indirectly provides info and options for intervention patient synthesizes the info and makes a decision |
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socio economic status |
measurement using scales reflecting education, income and career |
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risk |
a disease precursor associated w a higher than average morbidity or mortality rate |
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incidence |
rates that measure the chance of occurence of a disease over a period of time (usually a year)
NEW case frequency (its occuring now. never before)
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exposure |
being subjected to something
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social determinants of health |
race, class, gender, income |
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adjusted rate of death |
adjusted based on circumstances |
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crude rate of death |
# of deaths during time period (divided by) total population at midpoint of time period
x100,000 |
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incident rate |
probability of developing a particular disease during period of time number of new cases (divided by) population at risk |
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specific rate of death |
# of deaths during time period (divided by) total population at mid point |
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prevalence of disease |
# living with disease (divided by) #in the at risk population |
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self effiacy |
idea that u can perform necessary actions to achieve a desired end |
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morbidity |
used to describe the frequency of impairments or disability produced by a disease |
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mortality dose-response relationship |
relationship that is present if changes in levels of an exposure are associated with changes changes in the outcome |
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biological plausibility |
supportive criteria for contributory cause of a disease based on the biology of the risk factor/disease |
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chronic disease |
disease that persists over a long time symptoms are sometimes lesser
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communicable disease |
due to bacteria or virus can be transmitted person to person (flu) |
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non-communicable disease |
non infectious disease (diabetes, cancer)
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environment disease |
get a disease from the environment (high pollution can cause lung cancer) |
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antiquity to 1700 |
focused on health protection through authority based controls hippocrates (disease taxonomy) beak doctors |
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1700-1850 |
focus: sanitary conditions through population hygenics ramazzini graunt |
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1850-1950 |
focus: communicable disease control by germ theory Snow koch pasteur nightingale |
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ramazzii |
1700-1850 occupational disease |
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graunt |
1700-1850 vital statistics |
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snow (person) |
1850-1950 cholera (spreads thru water. mapped the town around the well) took handle off well and disease stopped |
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koch |
1850-1950 criteria for causation
koch's postulates |
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pasteur |
1850-1950 bacterial causes of disease |
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nightingale |
1850-1950 health care delivering |
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1980-2000 |
era of behavior change encouraging people to make good decisions (brush teeth, wear a helmet) hochbaum pochaska fisher |
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hochbaum |
health belief model |
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pochaska |
stages of change model |
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fisher |
works at ucon info, behavior, motivation model HIV |
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2000-today |
tries to change behavior also tries to change environment frenk blumenthal WHO |
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frenk |
global health systems |
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blumenthal |
health info technology |
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WHO |
climate and health |
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koch's postulates |
1. everyone who has a disease has the same thing wrong 2. cause must be isolated and reproduce in isolation 3. when introduced to health organism, the cause produces the disease 4. when the cause is re-isolated it can be identified as the causative agent |
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state systems |
surveillance registration and licensure health assurance safety net health care providers |
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point prevalence period prevalance |
point- who has a headache right now period- who has ever had a headache |
