Public Health For Exam 2

Front 1

what is ELM?

Back 1

a form of health communication, explains how persuasive messages, aimed at changing ATTITUDES are processed by individuals.

Front 2

the two routes of ELM?

Back 2

1) CENTRAL- change thinking based on facts
2) PERIPHERAL- change thinking based on emotions
Elaboration Likelihood Model

Front 3

the levels of the central route of ELM?

Back 3

1) motivated to process
2) ability to process
3) nature of process
4) change in attitude or cognitive stage

Front 4

when is likelihood of use in central route of ELM?

Back 4

when elaboration is high

Front 5

when is likelihood of peripheral route of ELM?

Back 5

elaboration likelihood is low

Front 6

what is goal of PAPM?

Back 6

(precaution adoption process model) how a person comes to making a decision, and how that decision is translated into action.

Front 7

what are the stages of PAPM?

Back 7

(7) 1. UNAWARE
2. UNENGAGED
3. DECIDING ABOUT ACTING
4. DECIDING NOT TO ACT
5. DECIDING TO ACT
6. ACTING
7. MAINTENANCE

Front 8

what you know about 7 stages of PAPM?

Back 8

1. unaware- person is uninformed
2. unengaged- aware but ininterested
3. deciding about acting- even if said that they will act, still may or may not act
4. deciding not to act- reluctant to acknowledge susceptibility to harm
5. deciding to act- intention to act
6. acting- self efficacy and motivation
7. maintenance- difference betweem doing a behavior once or over a long term

Front 9

what is an intervention?

Back 9

a theory based strategy

- describes all activities between two points (starting, and end)

Front 10

what are 6 different types of intervention strategies?

Back 10

1) health communication strategies
2) health education strategies
3) health policy/enforcement
4) health engineering strategies
5) health related community service strategies
6) community mobilization

Front 11

difference between multi- and single strategy?

Back 11

1) single (1) and multi (2+)

2) multi has greater potential to change behavior than single

Front 12

what are the 6 different types of intervention strategies?

Back 12

1) health communication strategies
2) health education strategies
3) health policy/enforcement strategies
4) health engineering
5) health related community service
6) community mobilization

Front 13

of health communication strategies, what are the different types of communication channels and what exactly are they?

Back 13

1) intrapersonal- 1 on 1, ind.
2) interpersonal-small group, same as intrapersonal but reaches more people with less resources
3) organization/community-based on priority population
4) mass media-general public

Front 14

what is the importance of health policy/enforcement strategies?

Back 14

"sold" as to protect the public's health

Front 15

what are the types of health engineering strategies? and what makes something a health engineering strategies?

Back 15

1) change structure/type of services- seat belts, air bags
2) change environment- no smoking signs, showers in gym
3) often do not require ind. action
4) best if used in combination with another intervention strategy

Front 16

what is the goal of a health- related community service strategy

Back 16

generally to reduce barriers to services

Front 17

what are the driving forces for effective evaluations?

Back 17

1) planning new effective programs/interventions
2) improving current programs/interventions
3) demonstrating the results of resource investments

Front 18

what is a formal evaluation?

Back 18

has systematic, well planned procedures

Front 19

Informal evalutions tend to be.....

Back 19

characterized by absence of breath and characterized by lack of systematic procedure and formally collected data.

Front 20

what are advantages of formal evaluations?

Back 20

precise info, bias control, comparable, objective data

Front 21

disadvantages of formal evalutations?

Back 21

cost, low flexibility

Front 22

advantages of informal evaluations?

Back 22

low cost, flexible, in depth information

Front 23

disadvantages of informal evalutations?

Back 23

biased, not comparable

Front 24

what are the types of evaluations?

Back 24

formative, summative, process, impact, objective

Front 25

what considers the strategies, and any combination of measurements obtained in order to improve performance and give examples

Back 25

formative evaluation

examples-needs assesment, pilot testing

Front 26

what asks about the impacts and outcomes and considers the objectives?

Back 26

summative evaluation

Front 27

what are short term summative evaluations?

Back 27

impact evaluations (broader, and focuses on intended or unintended effects of the program)

Front 28

long- term summative evaluations?

Back 28

outcome evaluations (focus on whether the program works or not)

Front 29

what is the outcome evaluation?

Back 29

broad goal of program, changes seen in health indicators, long term results

Front 30

what are some of the advantages for the evaluator in regards with internal validity?

Back 30

* helps to be familiar with the organizational and program history
**knows the decision making style of target org.
***evaluator present to help 4) able to communicate results more frequently and more clearly.
5) less expensive

Front 31

evaluator disadvantages to internal validity?

Back 31

evaluator bias, conflict of interest

Front 32

evaluator advantages external validity?

Back 32

1) provides objective outlook and fresh perspective
2) ensures unbiased evaluation
3) global knowledge and variety of settings
4) brings more depth of technical expertise

Front 33

evaluator disadvantages for external validity

Back 33

1) more expensive
2) lack knowledge of program

Front 34

what are the different types of evaluation designs?

Back 34

experimental, non experimental, quasi experimental

Front 35

what is evaluation design used for?

Back 35

1) to organize the evaluation
2) provide direction for data collection and analysis

Front 36

pros of the experimental design of an evaluation?

Back 36

1) greatest control over confounding factors
2) requires random assignment
3) gives most conclusive evidence of programs effectiveness- most powerful design

Front 37

Quasi-experimental?

Back 37

cannot control for all confounders, USE COMPARISON GROUP INSTEAD OF RANDOM

Front 38

most commonly used evaluations design?

Back 38

quasi experimental, pre/post test using comparison groups

Front 39

non-experimental?

Back 39

no control over confounders, cannot distinguish between effect of program and characteristic of participant

Front 40

pre/post test show changes in what?

Back 40

knowledge, attitude, before program and after

Front 41

pretest/post test is stronger with a comparison group?

Back 41

true

Front 42

what are the characteristics of the control group, in regards to evaluation?

Back 42

similar to experimental group as possible EXCEPT the control group doesnt receive the program

Front 43

what design is separated by time in intervention?

Back 43

TIME SERIES

Front 44

what is internal validity?

Back 44

degree to which your program caused change that can be measured.

Front 45

when is it very important to have the limitations of evaluation process?

Back 45

when experimental evaluation is not possible

Front 46

what are some threats to internal validity?

Back 46

1) history- maybe just under different stressors
2) maturation-maybe change in characteristics with age
3) testing-get better with each test they take

Front 47

what does a formative evaluation answer?

Back 47

what is the problem?

Front 48

what are the two parts of a summative evaluation?

Back 48

1) impact- immediate
2) outcome- more long term

Front 49

what is generally the case in an outcome (summative) evaluation?

Back 49

often not recognized within a/the time frame.

Front 50

what is external validity?

Back 50

the degree to which the program is expected to produce the same results in other populations.

Front 51

what are the threats to external validity?

Back 51

1) social desirability
2) expectanctancy effect
3) hawthorne effect
4) placebo effect