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176 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Planning back for the environment went as far as?
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2000 BC
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Us Awareness about the env. Came in what time?
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1960's
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EPA was started?
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1970's
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8 jobs of the EPA
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World climate; ozone problem; greenhouse effect; troposphere det; no clean water; radiation; heavy metals; pesdicides
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How many toxic chemicals does the US create yearly?
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1000-1600
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2 reasons environment is deteriorating
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Increased energy demands and fossil fuel burning
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Alternative energy forms
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Wind, Sun, Etc...
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Where is there a temperature inversion?
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Las Vegas, NV
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Highest incidence of lung cancer and most polluted city in the world?
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Cubato, Brazil
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Global warming is referred to as?
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Accumulation of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere
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Materials that are part of the accumulation of greenhouse gases?
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CO2; cfcs; CH4; N2O (nitrous oxide)
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What is the largest criminal “heat absorbing” gas
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CO2
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What does acid rain contain that's so harmful?
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Sulfur
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Why is sulfur in acid rain so harmful?
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Removes nutrients from soil, plants, and damages buildings
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What part of the ozone is depleted that protects us from light?
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Stratosphere (cfcs are the major killer of these)
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Mario Mollina
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Antarctica has a major role
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Primary pollutants (get converted to secondary)
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CO; CO2; SO2; NO; HCs (hydrocarbons); SPM (suspended particle matter)
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Secondary Pollutants (most harmful)
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NO2; SO3; HNO2; H2SO4; H2N2; 03; PANS(Peracetonitryls); NO3 and SO4 salts
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When was there 200,000 cases of melanoma/year?
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1970
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When was there 600,000 cases of melanoma/year?
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2000
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Polluting gases absent from the atmosphere?
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Nitrous oxide
Carbon Monoxide Sulfur Oxide Sulfur Trioxide |
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Polluting gases present in the normal atmosphere but with very low quantities?
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Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrous Oxide Ozone |
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How many people die in the world due to unclean water?
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30,000 (mostly in developing countries)
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Which is more important Oil or Water
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Water
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Source of life river in India?
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Ganges River
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What is the number one source of drinking water for the population?
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Surface Water
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What is the major source of agricultural water?
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Ground Water
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Which of the 2 is the major source of all water?
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Ground Water
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3 major aspects of pollution?
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Pollution; handling of sewage; water purification
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Water pollution sources (10 sources)
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Acid rain; crop dusting; sediments; acid water from mines; industrial waste; barnyard waste; nuclear reactor; runoff from fertilizer; sewage treatment plant; oil pollution
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(1995) Water needed (clean) per person per day in the US
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1800 gallons; (pool; fountains; industry included) tough job
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Water used per person in the USA home
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50 gallons
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#1 and #2 sources of water in the USA
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#1 surface (lakes rivers)
#2 ground water |
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What process removes taste and odor from water, removes iron and magnesium, dissolved gasses (CO2) and adds O2 for freshness
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Aeration Process
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Coagulation, Precipitation, Flocculation
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Aluminum Sulfate – removes chemicals, colors, turbidity (colloid materials)
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What does the Sedimentation Process do?
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Removes organisms and turbidity
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Agglomeration is?
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Making aggregates of particles
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What is the most common method frequently used for filtration in the US (sand bed) that removes chemicals and micro-organisms?
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Filtration
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Softening Process does what?
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Makes water more useable
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What makes water hard?
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Hardness is due to Ca2 and Mg2 ions.
NaZeolite is used that removes these and NA is added |
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Is hard water healthier than soft water?
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Yes, because it contains less Na, because calcium and magnesium are essential minerals
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How many tons of Chlorine are used yearly?
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2.6
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What is known as the backbone chemical used to achieve high standards?
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Chlorine (also a carcinogen)
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How is chlorine added into the water?
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Chlorine is added into the water in the form of Na or K hypochlorite. It kills microbes.
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Why is organic chlorine different?
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It stays in the water longer (long term use gives increased exposure)
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How much Clorox do you need to disinfect water?
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1L of impure water to 2ml of Clorox
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Absorption System is?
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Ion exchange system; activated charcoal; odor and taste is removed
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Corrosion Correction system?
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Bitumen (inert tar coal product used to surface inside iron pipes) that prevents TB
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Ultra Violet Light is used to?
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For antimicrobial action and one day MIGHT replace chlorination
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What kind of organisms is important to testing water?
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Revolves around E. Coli (filter paper tests)
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What kind of Lactose Fermentation tests are there?
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Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMB agar); Greeen metallic sheen colonies
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What is the limit of the number of colonies that are allowed units/mL?
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105 colonies / 100mL
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What are the Water Borne Pathogens?
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Salmonella Typhi
Other Salmonella Shingella Species Vibrio Choleme Vibrio Parahaemolyticus E. Coli Yersinia Enterocolitica Campylobacorfetus Hep A Virus Polio Virus Girardia Intestinales Blantidium Coli Entameoba Histolytica Cryptosporidium Parvum |
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Salmonella Typhy leads to what disease?
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Typhoid Fever
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Other Salmonella leads to what disease?
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Salmonellosis (gastroenteritis)
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Shingella Species leads to what disease?
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Shingellosis (bacillary dysentery)
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Vibrio Choleme leads to what disease?
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Asiatic cholem
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Vibrio Parahaemolyticus leads to what disease?
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Gastroenteritis
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E. Coli leads to what disease?
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Gastroenteritis
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Yesinia enterocolitica leads to what disease?
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Gastroenteritis
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Campylobacorfetus leads to what disease?
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Gastroenteritis
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Hep A Virus leads to what disease?
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Hepatitis
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Polio Virus leads to what disease?
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Poliomyeletis
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Girardia Intestinales leads to what disease?
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Girardiasis
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Blantidium Coli leads to what disease?
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Blantidiasis
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Entameoba Histolytica leads to what disease?
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Ameobic Dysentery
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Cryptosporidium Parvum leads to what disease?
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Diarrhea
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Water locked in oceans?
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97.134 not available to use
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Water locked in the snow caps?
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2.225
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Water in the ground to 1000m?
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3.03
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Water in glaciers?
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.015
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Freshwater?
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.009
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Water in Saline Lakes?
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.007
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Ground moisture?
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.003
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Atmospheric water?
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.001
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Surface water for drinking? (rivers and lakes)
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.0001
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Worlds largest resource for fresh ground water is the?
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US Aquifer – Ogalala
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Do we have any natural sources of water that have not been polluted?
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No, we do not! (not even one clean cup of water)
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Organic wastes as a pollutant leads to
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(increase biological O2 water demand)
The O2 needed to decompose organisms by oxidation |
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Pathogenic organisms as a pollutant leads to
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(cause disease in humans that drink it)
Well controlled in public drinking water |
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Inorganic chemicals and minerals as a pollutant leads to
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Increased saline and acid in the water making it toxic
(Water should be removed during waste treatment) |
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SYNTHETIC organic chemicals lead to
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Can cause birth defects, CA, and neurological damages and other illnesses
(It is not biodegradable so you need physical and/or chemical removal means |
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Plant nutrients lead to
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Can cause abnormal growth in aquatic plants
(Costly and difficult to remove phosphates and nitrates) |
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Sediments from land erosion lead to
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Can cause silting of water ways
(Decreased light reaching plants in water and O2 content of water |
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RADIOACTIVE wastes lead to
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Can cause CA, birth defects, radioactive sickness
(Effects can be magnified through food chains and difficult to remove from water |
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Heated Water leads to
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Creates a decreased solubility of O2 in water
(The law requires that water needs to be cooled before being put back into the environment) |
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What is (BOD) or biological oxygen demand?
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The oxygen requirement in water to break down organisms (oxidation style)
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What would you expect is the BOD if a certain area was very high?
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Water can be depleted of oxygen very rapidly.
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What is midnight dumping? And how many priority sites are there?
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There are 3000 priority sites that need to be cleaned up; places that get hazardous wastes dumped without any label.
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2 important hazardous chemical places?
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Times Beach (MO; sprayed Dixon in 60s high incidence of CA (cardiac arrest))
Love Canal (NY; Hooker Chemical Company) |
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What does law require about bathroom sewage and kitchen sewage?
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That they are disposed of separately.
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What is the major source behind the removal of major diseases like Typhoid, Cholera, Shigellosis and many other diseases?
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Sewage treatment
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What is the ratio of solid waste to water content?
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99.9 % water to .1 solid waste
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What can we consider to be solid wastes?
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Human feces, detergents, grease, garbage disposal waste, industrial wastes (acid, chemical waste, organic matter from food processing, plants)
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Where is a major source that sewage is dumped into to get into the water?
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Rivers (river phoenix dumps sewage into his body)
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PRIMARY Treatment of Sewage
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Remove as much solid waste by using filters, skimmers, chemicals, flocculating agents; aluminum sulfate
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Secondary Treatment of Sewage
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Biological elimination of bad stuff using micorobes
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Whats a common microbe used for secondary?
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Sphaerotilus and Beggiatoa
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Aerobic Process for secondary is?
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O2 maintained to facilitate breakdown
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Anaerobic Process for secondary is?
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Organisms are used like methanococcus, and peptococcus and methane is a byproduct that is sold and used for cooking and heating
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Undigested materials in secondary
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Used as solid conditioner (no bad pathogens)
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What Is done to the Effluent from secondary treatment centers?
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It is chlorinated and released into the rivers?
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What size population needs what standard measure of sewage treatment?
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10,000 pop. Needs a secondary (1975 law)
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TERTIARY Treatment of Sewage
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Very costly; needs physical and chemical means; RECYCLING of water; sand and charcoal filters; flocculating chemicals; denitrification of bacteria; chlorine used to kill the microbes.
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What is replacing chlorination of water in the united states?
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Ultra Violet Light
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What is replacing chlorination of water in Europe?
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Ozone
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How many American families use a septic tank?
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50 million
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What can you not do with septic tanks?
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Flush poisons or Greese, harmful to environment
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What is so special about drain fields?
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Become rich place for gardening
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How often do these drains need to be replaced?
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Every ten years or so
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What is a European system that handles only urine?
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Clivus Multrum; composting toilet; series of chambers that decomposes; stay in the chambers for 2 years. (other water needs to be separately handled as Gray water for gardening)
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What is humus?
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Gardening soil from pee pee chambers
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What are problems with Solid Hazardous Waste?
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The legal and illegal disposal of chemical waste
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What disease in Japan was linked to mercury?
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Manimata Disease; other problems include mutagenic effects; carcinogenic effects; birth defects; still births
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Why is handling sewage bad?
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Harmful microbes; 1 2 3 treatments; sewer system; septic tank; clivus multrum; outhouses in the past.
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What’s so bad about insecticides that are used for plant protection?
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The fact they are chlorinated hydrocarbons. Nerve poisons that cause convulsions or death.
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What is DDT,DDE,DDD, aldrin, dieldrin?
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They are all chlorinated hydrocarbons or broad spectrum insecticides
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How long is the persistence of insecticides?
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2-15 years
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How many tons of DDT were sprayed on American soil from 1948-1974?
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800,000,000 tons; which still remains in our blood (true of all hydrocarbons)
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What does this DDT do to our system?
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Softens the brain, hemorrhages; interrupts calcium metabolism
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Where is DDT now?
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Still produced but exported to other countries, however we buy food from those countries.
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Is DDT gone from us?
Who won a noble prize for DDT? |
No
Mueller |
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What do Organophosphatide (insecticides) do to your body?
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They are nerve poisons that inactivate the enzyme that transmits nerve impulses. They can be broad or narrow; with a low persistence (1-12 weeks; some have years)
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Example of Organophosphates?
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Malathion, Parathion, Asodrin
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What do Carbamates (insecticides) do to our body?
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They are low persistence poisons that last days to weeks and they are nerve posioners.
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What are some examples of Carbamates?
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Carbaryl; Sineb; Maneb
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What is a useless material that is thrown away that is not a liquid or a gas?
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Solid Waste
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What are some solid wastes?
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Newspapers; cartons, junk mail, bottles; cans; worn out appliances; furnature
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How much solid waste is there a year?
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5.5 billion tons
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How much solid waste is generated per person per year?
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27 tons
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How much solid waste is generated by one person in a day?
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60 kg (25 pounds)
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SOURCES
Agriculture? |
51%
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SOURCES
Mining? |
38%
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SOURCES
Industrial? |
8%
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COMPOSITION PERCENTAGES
Paper? |
40
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COMPOSITION PERCENTAGES
Food? |
17
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COMPOSITION PERCENTAGES
Yard Waste? |
13
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COMPOSITION PERCENTAGES
Glass? |
9
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COMPOSITION PERCENTAGES
Metals? |
9
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COMPOSITION PERCENTAGES
Wood? |
3
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COMPOSITION PERCENTAGES
Misc. Organic? |
3
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COMPOSITION PERCENTAGES
Plastics? |
2
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COMPOSITION PERCENTAGES
Rubber and Leather? |
2
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COMPOSITION PERCENTAGES
Textiles? |
2
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SOURCE
Municipal? |
3%
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Fate of Waste in the US
Deposited in Landfills? |
82%
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Fate of Waste in the US
Incinerated? |
7%
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Fate of Waste in the US
Recycled? |
10%
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Fate of Waste in the US
Composted? |
1%
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What are some of the disposal methods?
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Hog feeding; Incineration; open dumps; DUMPING AT SEA; Grinding and adding to sewage; sanitary landfills; composting; salvaging.
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What is the number one cause of death in the world
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Food Poisoning or Gastroenteritis
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Advantages of Hog feeding as disposal method?
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Revenue from contract or hog sale; salvage and conservation
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Disadvantages of Hog feeding?
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Trichinosis transmission; fly and rat feeding and breeding; separate disposal of rubbish; necessary to supervise contractor; hog diseases must be controlled
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Advantages of Incineration as disposal method?
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Combustion of breeding materials; takes combined garbage and rubbish; can be very efficient, and can run 24 hours a day in large cities
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Disadvantages to incineration?
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Final ash residue, cans, and bottles remain; high capital investment; high operational and maintenance cost; particulates and odors from poor operation; often requires addition of combustibles
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Advantages to Open dumps as disposal method?
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Hauling is only cost; combined collection
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Disadvantages to Open dumps?
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Optimum rat and fly breeding; neighborhood depreciation; mosquito breeding; air pollution from dump fires; water pollution from leaching
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Advantages of Dumping at sea as disposal method?
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Combined collection
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Disadvantages to Dumping at sea?
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Cost of tugs, barges, and operation; float back to beaches and shores; possible toxicity to fish and flora
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Advantages of Grinding and adding to sewage as disposal methods?
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Gives garbage same handling as excreta; for home units, collection phase of food wastes is eliminated
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Disadvantages to Grinding and adding to sewage?
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Takes only garbage; requires proper sewer design if home units are used; requires added sewage plant facilities for central grinding and treatment; rats appear in sewers; digested solids must be handled
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Advantages of Sanitary landfill as disposal method?
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Combined collections; low capital investment; moderate operational cost; land reclamation for restricted use; adapted to small towns
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Disadvantages to Sanitary landfill?
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Land requirement may result in long hauls in the future; requires selected soil for cover; requires stand by fire control; leaching adds pollutants to ground water and surface water sources
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Advantages of Composting as disposal method?
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Conserves and recycles wastes; provides humus for soil; decomposition heat controls flies; aerobic action free of odors; sewage sludge can be combined
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Disadvantages to Composting?
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Requires presorting and grinding, and turning; high capital equipment and maintenance cost; requires assured market for compost; requires disposal of noncompostables; requires carbon/nitrogen ratio of about 30:1
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Advantages of Salvage as Disposal method?
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Recovery of usable and salable material; conservation of resources; defray cost of waste handling
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Disadvantages to Salvage?
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Limited to special wastes and selected materials; at mercy of market
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Rank the 6 Sources for Annual Emissions in order?
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1) Transportation
2) Stationary fuel combustion 3) Industry 4) Agricultural burning 5) Solid waste disposal 6) Miscellaneous |
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Rand the 6 Sources for Estimated Relative Health Effect in order?
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1) Stationary fuel combustion
2) Industry 3) Transportation 4) Agricultural burning 5) Solid waste disposal 6) Miscellaneous |
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What does Carbon Monoxide do?
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Blocks O2
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What blocks UV light?
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The ozone layer
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What does CFC's do?
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Destroy the ozone layer
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By 2050 oceans will go up by how much?
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9ft
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T/F By 2025 Some state will be under water because the oceans went up 9ft?
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False: by 2050!
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IF The lactose fermentation test produces a green metallic product the test is?
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Positive if Green
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How long should you wait before using water that gets organic chlorination?
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24 hrs for the chlorine to evaporate
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