Public Health Exam 2

Front 1

informed decision

Back 1

doctor makes the decision for the patient

Front 2

informed consent

Back 2

physician informs risks and benefits and patient makes own decision

Front 3

what do you need to participate in a research study

Back 3

IRB (istitutional review board). ensures the ethical conduct of research

Front 4

shared decision-making

Back 4

patients are informed of all options. can seek other opinions. make decision together.

Front 5

exposure

Back 5

being subjected to something

Front 6

health belief model of behavior

Back 6

personal beliefs influence health behavior. people will be more likely to do something if they think that there are serious consequences if they dont. self efficacy

Front 7

theory of reasoned action

Back 7

model for predicting behavioral intention

Front 8

stages of change model

Back 8

people go thru a set of stages instead of changing all at once

Front 9

steps of stages of change model

Back 9

1. precontemplation (hasnt decided to change yet)

2. contemplation (thinking about changing)

3. preparation (developing a plan of action)

4. action (change takes place)

5. maintenance (new behavior becomes permanent)

Front 10

market justice in health care

Back 10

emphasizes individual responsibility for health. if youre richer you deserve better care

Front 11

social justice

Back 11

emphasizes community more than individuals. everyone is equal and deserves the same care

Front 12

benefice

Back 12

do good and maximize benefits

Front 13

nonmalefience

Back 13

do no harm

Front 14

epidemiological triangle

Back 14

disease agents - environments - hosts

Front 15

fomites

Back 15

objects that carry infectious agents. routes for pathogens between people

Front 16

subjectivism

Back 16

beliefs about good and evil are FACTS. i think therefore i am

Front 17

statute

Back 17

written law passed by a legislative body

Front 18

herd immunity

Back 18

protects populations by limiting their exposures to disease carriers (vaccines)

Front 19

the belmont report

Back 19

protects research study patients. people can make own choices (unless children or retarded). beneficence. justice (benefits of research should be fair) 1960s

Front 20

asymptomatic

Back 20

dont show symptoms of a disease. screenings are done to see if they carry the disease

Front 21

sensitivy

Back 21

if a person has a disease how often will a test be positive (true positive rate). if test is highly sensitive and the test is negative u can be mostly certain they dont have it

Front 22

specificity

Back 22

if i person does NOT have the disease how often will the test say so. if the test is highly specific and its positive you can be almost sure they have it

Front 23

false positive/ false negative

Back 23

screen test says they have the disease but they actually dont and vice versa

Front 24

screening test (what is it, what it used for)

Back 24

test done on people who are asymptomatic. used for noncomunicable diseases (breast cancer) but cant be used on all

Front 25

criteria for IDEAL screening tests

Back 25

most diseases dont have them

1. disease produces substantial death or disability

2. early detection is possible and improves outcome

3. feasible testing strategies (no false neg/ positive)

4. acceptable in terms of harm, cost and patient acceptance

Front 26

epidemiological transition

Back 26

noncommunicable disease were not always the dominant cause of death. disease patterns are evolving

Front 27

vector

Back 27

carrier of disease or medication (mosquito is vector for malaria)

Front 28

pandemic

Back 28

epidemic occurring over a large area. affects a lot of people

Front 29

tuskegee syphilis study

Back 29

1932-1972

studied natural progression of untreated syphilis. men thought they were getting free health care but it was a lie. unethical. led to belmont report

Front 30

framingham study

Back 30

1948

little know about heart disease and stroke so they had study to find risk factors of heart disease

Front 31

women's health study

Back 31

random, placebo-controlled trial to see the benefits/risk of low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in the prevention of heart disease and cancer in women

Front 32

article 25 o the universal declaration of human rights

Back 32

1. everyone has right to adequate living for their well being (food, clothes, house, medical care, security at work if theyre sick or hurt)

2. pregnant women and children are entitled to special care and assistance (all kids get protection, in or out of wedlock)

Front 33

notifiable disease

Back 33

a disease that is required by law to be reported to govt so they can monitor it and provide warning of outbreaks

Front 34

immunity

Back 34

ability of an organism to resist a particular infection

Front 35

disease transmission types

Back 35

* Animal contact
* Indirect through animals contact (ie. Anthrax)
* Food and water contamination (ex. E coli)
* Person to person (ex. Measels)
* Indirect to vector contact
* Indirect to fomite contact

Front 36

lead time bias

Back 36

early detection of a disease has no effect on improving the outcome

Front 37

the study of bioethics

Back 37

ethics of medial and biological research

Front 38

supremacy clause

Back 38

federal law trumps state law

Front 39

statute

Back 39

written law passed by a legislative body

Front 40

koch's postulate (definition)

Back 40

criteria to establish the cause of a disease. made modern kochs postulate because many diseases can not be transmitted to animals

Front 41

koch's postulate (parts)

Back 41

1. organism must be present in every case

2. organism must not be present in cases of other diseases

3. organism must be capable of replicating the disease in an experimental animal

4. organism must be recoverable from the animal

Front 42

bill of rights

Back 42

first 10 amendments. ratified in 1791. freedom of speech, assembly, worship

Front 43

infectivity

Back 43

ability of a pathogen to establish an infection. how frequently it spreads among hosts that are not parent-child

Front 44

tranmissibility

Back 44

ratio of output to input (output/input = T). if T>1 means amplification

Front 45

hippocratic oath

Back 45

taken by physicians. swear to uphold ethical standards. patients is most important swear to do whatever to make them healthy

Front 46

natural law

Back 46

system of law that is determined by nature. its universal

Front 47

e. coli

Back 47

bacteria found in intestines of humans and animals. usually harmless but can can severe food poisioning

Front 48

reservoir

Back 48

host or carrier that has pathogenic organism without hurting itself. serves as source that infects other people

Front 49

host

Back 49

animal or plant where a parasite lives

Front 50

agent

Back 50

anything capable of producing an effect

Front 51

vector

Back 51

an organism that transmits a disease from one animal or plant to another (mosquito, tick)

Front 52

pathogenic agent

Back 52

causes disease. bacteria, virus, fungus

Front 53

susceptible host

Back 53

someone who is at risk of infection.

Front 54

4 sources of law

Back 54

constitution, legislature, judicial decisions, executive orders

Front 55

tort law

Back 55

deals with medical malpractice (negligence, product liability)

Front 56

administrative law

Back 56

regulates the operation and procedures of government agencies

Front 57

cultural relativism

Back 57

ideas that good/evil are tru only so far as our civilization goes. different cultures believe in different things

Front 58

ultitarianism

Back 58

what will benefit SOCIETY the most (the people with the most skills will stay)

Front 59

egoistic ethics

Back 59

only care about yourself

Front 60

kantian ethics

Back 60

only intrinsically good is a good will. morality and ethics are the most important. (the nicest and most caring people will stay, regardless of their ability)

Front 61

police power

Back 61

health care under the authority of the states that acts to protect the common good

Front 62

state law vs fed law

Back 62

state: makes most laws that do with public health.

federal makes laws for the whole country but state can make their own stuff.

Front 63

precedence

Back 63

a case that leads to new laws being made

Front 64

principles of ethical research (3)

Back 64

respect of persons: respect persons right to make their own choices/have own views

justice: equality

beneficence/nonmaleficence: do the most good and dont do harm

Front 65

sensitivity

Back 65

if a person HAS the disease how often will the test be positive (true positive rate). its highly sensitive then then you can believe the test

Front 66

specificity

Back 66

if a person does NOT have the disease how often will the test be negative (true negative rate). if its highly specific you can believe the test (mostly)

Front 67

how is anthrax transmitted

Back 67

inhalation (breathing spores)

intestinal (eat meat contaminated w bacteria)

skin (spores enter thru cut)

Front 68

how is legionnaire's transmitted

Back 68

breathe in vapor containing the bacteria

Front 69

how is measles transmitted

Back 69

droplet transmission from nose, throat, or mouth of infected person

Front 70

how is e. coli transmitted

Back 70

consuming contaminated foods/liquids. failure to wash hands after contact with infected animals/people

Front 71

how can public health law regulate environment health (3)

Back 71

restaurant inspection.

air pollution.

sanitation.

Front 72

what is the certificate of need? fed or state regulated?

Back 72

aimed at restraining health care facility costs. if theres a lot of hospitals in 1 area dont need more. state gov regulates

Front 73

declaration of helsinki

Back 73

set of ethical principles to provide guidance to doctors when doing research of humans

Front 74

how can communicable disease be transmitted

Back 74

physical contact (touch, sex, mouth)

contact w/ contaminated surface, object, food, blood.

bites from infected insects or animals

thru air

Front 75

what causes cholera? how is it transmitted

Back 75

severe diarrhea caused by eating food or water contaminated with the bacteria.

spread by contaminated water

Front 76

what is a zoonotic disease? 2 examples and how their transmitted

Back 76

disease transferred from vertebrate animals to people. anthrax (from sheep) rabies (rodents and mammals)

Front 77

2 vectors and their mode of transmission

Back 77

ticks (vectors and reservoirs).

mosquitos

Front 78

route disease transmission (3)

Back 78

person to person

animal to person

indirect vector or fomite contact

Front 79

activities of health informatics

Back 79

data gathering.

health info technology.

linking datasets

release of data

Front 80

what is law?

Back 80

system of rules that govern behavior of society. equality, fairness, justness