Public Health Ch.8-24

Front 1

Bottom up approach

Back 1

health planning from a grassroutes approach

Front 2

Top down approach

Back 2

health planning from a regional, national, or global initiative to improve health status

Front 3

Community assessment

Back 3

identify the community health problems that are priorities for intervention as well as community resources available to address each health problem

Front 4

key informant

Back 4

person knowledgeable about special aspects of a problem and the community's current and past attempts to address it

Front 5

community of interest

Back 5

who will be affected? who will bring about the change?

Front 6

coalition

Back 6

group of consumers, health professionals, policy makers, and others working together to improved community health status or to solves a specific community health problems

Front 7

stakeholder

Back 7

an individual, organization, or group that has an interest (stake) in a specific community health issue or the outcomes of a community level intervention

Front 8

social ecological model

Back 8

multiple determinant of health interact at different levels to affect the health status of individual people, population, aggregates, or communities
can help INDIVIDUALS make changes, operate at the COMMUNITY level

Front 9

web of causations

Back 9

help the community health of public health nurse identify multiple determinants of a community health problems

Front 10

Health disparities

Back 10

systematic disadvantages in access to basic needs or health care services

Front 11

health equity

Back 11

based on the principles of fairness and social justice . all people have an equal value

Front 12

social justice

Back 12

equitable sharing of both the common burdens and the common benefits or advantages in society

Front 13

Lewin's Model of Change (planned organizational change)

Back 13

UNFREEZE the status quo
CHANGE
REFREEZE the new norms

Front 14

sustainability

Back 14

concern when planning changes in health beliefs, knowledge, behavior, or social conditions

Front 15

Force Field Analysis

Back 15

identifying factors within a community or organization that are driving or reinforcing change in the desired direction as well as those that are restraining or resisting change. ex. obesity

Front 16

Levers of Change

Back 16

increase driving forces and/or to decrease restraining forces

Front 17

Community involvement in Change

Back 17

sustained effort and results that may not be evident in the short term.

Front 18

community participation

Back 18

participation by all in all step of change process help to increase the potential for program success and sustained change in community health status

Front 19

Logic Model

Back 19

visual representation of the logic behind the operation of the program:
who will receive, what will be done, when it will happen, where, why?

Front 20

SMART Objectives

Back 20

Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Relevant
Time bound

Front 21

Gantt Chart of Project Timeline

Back 21

Project implementation tracking tool

Front 22

Funding Community-level Intervention Programs

Back 22

securing funding for community programs is critical
Element:s lead agency, accountability, sustainability, program replication

Front 23

Community Nursing Center

Back 23

community health workers can help bridge the gap between the community health or public health nurse and the community, especially when there are cultural/ language differences

Front 24

culture

Back 24

knowledge, values, practices, customs, and beliefs of a group

Front 25

cultural competence

Back 25

attitude of openness to, respect for, and curiosity about different cultural values, and traditions, and ideally includes a broader critical analysis of power relations affecting health disparities.

Front 26

cross- cultural (transcultural) nursing

Back 26

any nursing encounter in which the client and nurse are from different cultures

Front 27

cultural competence

Back 27

considering cultural aspects of health, illness, and treatment for each client or community, as well as doing so at each stage of the nursing process

Front 28

institutional cultural competence

Back 28

defined set of values and principles and demonstrate behaviors, attitudes, policies, and structures that enable them to work effectively cross-culturally

Front 29

Cultural humility

Back 29

acknowledgment that everyone's views are culturally influenced, that our own are not inherently better than those of our client, and that our clients can teach us.

Front 30

ethnocentrism

Back 30

assumption that everyone shares your cultural values, or an opinion that your culture is superior to others.

Front 31

subculture

Back 31

group sharing some practices, language or other characteristics in common, within a larger society that does not share those characteristics
ex. practice of bigamy within certain churches, but not all

Front 32

cultural humility

Back 32

acknowledgment that everyone's views are culturally influences, that our own are not inherently better than those of our client, and that our clients can teach us

Front 33

Culture directly affecting health& health care

Back 33

attribution of illness, diet, verbal communication, nonverbal (eye contact, personal space), time orientation, social roles, sexual identity, religion, folk medicine

Front 34

Cultural Health Assessment

Back 34

continuously assess cultural competence of individual clinicians, health care organizations

Front 35

community assessment

Back 35

includes examination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences of the environment that surrounds a specific group of people

Front 36

geopolitical

Back 36

sharing geographic boundaries and governing structures

Front 37

phenomenological

Back 37

share common interests or beliefs

Front 38

communities of solution

Back 38

formed by a group of people to address common interests, beliefs, or needs

Front 39

Windshield Survery

Back 39

observation of a community while driving a care or riding a public transportation to collect data for a community assessment

Front 40

Assessing community health

Back 40

gathering relevant existing data and generating missing data
- windshield survey, interviews, etc
-interpreting the composite database to identify community problems and strengths

Front 41

Collaborative Model

Back 41

integral function of community health nursing practice. interdisciplinary assessment.
EMPOWER the community to partner in assessment

Front 42

Purpose of Community Assessment

Back 42

- to gain information and clarify the need for change
- to empower those responsible in the context of that change
- identify where the burden of disease is

Front 43

case management

Back 43

development and coordination of care for a selected client and family

Front 44

care management

Back 44

coordination of a plan or process to bring health services together as a common whole in a cost effective way ie. "utilization managment"

Front 45

Nurses as Case Managers

Back 45

nursing judgments involved in prioritizing care: HIV, Chronic Viral Hep C, complex treatment regimens, traumatic injuries, bursn

Front 46

Home Health Care: Considerations

Back 46

quality health care where people live most of their lives.
Cost containment and reimbursement mechanisms are creating economic forces for increased services OUTSIDE of hospitals

Front 47

Home Care

Back 47

clients have the opportunity to live through the experiences of sub-acute, chronic, and end of life care

Front 48

Agencies for Home Care

Back 48

private/voluntary
hospital based
proprietary (for profit)
public

Front 49

Financing of Home Care

Back 49

local, state, federal funds: private insurance and private individuals

Front 50

Telehealth

Back 50

form of electronic communication to devliever, acute care, and specialty consultations.

Front 51

Family

Back 51

two or more people who share emotional closeness and identify themselves as members of a family

Front 52

family assessment

Back 52

holistic and includes examination of health care needs, as well as, cultural, spiritual, and developmental needs

Front 53

Essence of Family: nontraditional family

Back 53

cohabiting couples and families
gay & lesbian families
communal living

Front 54

Genogram

Back 54

diagram used to identify family connections and patterns, especially over two or more generations.

Front 55

Informant

Back 55

person who provides information either for himself or herself or for someone who is unable to do son

Front 56

"15 minutes family interview"

Back 56

manners
therapeutic conversation
ecomaps and genograms (people like to help)
use of therapeutic questions
acknowledgment of family strengths

Front 57

Diversity

Back 57

an evolving concept in families
diverse families living in diverse culture
ex. immigrant families and their american born children

Front 58

Disharmony

Back 58

discord when families join

Front 59

Intergenerational Diversity

Back 59

Baby boom
war generation
Generation X
Generation Y
different expectations about health and prevention; different communication styles; different family configurations

Front 60

family context

Back 60

consider family issues that affect the patient
-health status
-coping resources
-motivation to change OR maintain status quo

Front 61

Violence

Back 61

Act committed by a person or persons against another person or persons in which there is a conscious choice to act violently
homicide
school violence, etc.

Front 62

school nurse and violence

Back 62

may observe physical/ behavioral symptoms of abuse
may elicit information about violence to others in the home
- first responder on scene of school violence
- huge role to play in prevention and intervention

Front 63

child abuse

Back 63

the odds of child abuse ending in death increase with each episode

Front 64

Gender-based violence

Back 64

violence against women is a form of gender- based violence
results in harm: physical, sexual, psychological

Front 65

Intimate Partner Violence

Back 65

desire for control by perpetrator
pattern or assaultive and coercive behaviors

Front 66

Lethality Assessment

Back 66

identifies high-risk factors for IPV
violence is a community health issue

Front 67

Safety Planning for violence

Back 67

- crisis/ disaster plan
- place to go
- how to get there
- assess barriers to implement safety plan

Front 68

Child abuse and neglect

Back 68

any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker that results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or an act or failure to act that presents an imminent risk of serious harm

Front 69

forensic nursing

Back 69

offers victims compassionate evidence- based care
training focuses on:
- taking a hx of an assault
- collecting evidence
- providing treatment and follow- up

Front 70

social injustice

Back 70

the denial of economic, sociocultural, political, civil, or human rights of certain population or groups based on the beliefs of those with power that others are inferior

Front 71

what makes a group vulnerable?

Back 71

higher risk of developing health problems
- greater exposure to health risk because of marginalization
- sociocultural status
- access to economic resources
- age, gender

Front 72

medically underserved population

Back 72

US federal designation for those populations that face economic barriers (lo-income or medicaid- eligible populations) or cultural and/or linguistic access barriers to primary medical care services

Front 73

availability

Back 73

insufficient number and diversity of formal services and providers; lack of acceptable services and human service infrastructure

Front 74

accessiblity

Back 74

shortages of adequate, appropriate, and affordable transportation; cultural and geographic isolation

Front 75

correctional settings

Back 75

cohorting of people with least access to ongoing medical care in the community; high rates of communicable diseases, chronic illness, substance abuse, mental illnes, poor dental health

Front 76

infectious disease

Back 76

presence and replication of an infectious agent in the tissues of a host, with manifestation of S/S

Front 77

pathogenicity

Back 77

ability of the agent to produce an infectious disease in a susceptible host

Front 78

carrier

Back 78

a person or animal who harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others while having no symptoms of the disease

Front 79

colonization

Back 79

the presence and multiplication of infectious organims w/o invading and causing damage to tissue

Front 80

incubations period

Back 80

time period between initial contact with the infectious agent and the appearance of the first signs or symptoms of the disease

Front 81

environment/reserviors

Back 81

humans, animals, plants, insects, water, soil

Front 82

Mechanisms of Transmission

Back 82

direct contact *blood me to wound you*, indirect contact, *touching doornob, then someone else touching doornob*, droplet*organism contained in the saliva* airborne transmission

Front 83

Endemic

Back 83

the CONSTANT or usual prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area. ex. Hep A, genital herpes

Front 84

Epidemic

Back 84

significant increase in the number of new cases of a disease than past experience would have predicted for that place, time, or population; an increase in incidence beyond what is expected ex. Cholera

Front 85

common source outbreak

Back 85

an outbreak characterized by exposure to a common, harmful substance or organism ex. e. coli from common food exposure

Front 86

Propagated (continuous) outbreak

Back 86

INFECTION is transmitted from person to person over a longer period of time; secondary infections can occur. peaks of infection come at intervals. ex. STI

Front 87

Hep C Transmission

Back 87

blood to blood
10x more infectious than HIV
lives outside body for 4 days
1.8% of US pop is infected
the most common blood infectious in USA
70-90% of people with HCV will develop chronic hepatitis

Front 88

Chlamydia

Back 88

most common STI- 24 y are sexually active, risk if young, had it previously, have new/multiple sex partner, do not use condoms, exchange sex for money/drugs

Front 89

Herd immunity

Back 89

immunize the majority of the population, and everyone benefits from most people becoming immunized

Front 90

Vaccine-Preventable Disease (VPD)

Back 90

50,000 adults die from vaccine-preventable diseases or their complications

Front 91

Microbial Adaption

Back 91

process by which organisms adjust and change in their environment

Front 92

antigenic drift

Back 92

the SLOW and progressive genetic changes that take place in DNA/ RNA as organism replicate in multiple hosts, causes changes in influenza viruses each year

Front 93

antigenic shift

Back 93

occurs when there is a SUDDEN change in the DNA/ RNA resulting in a new strain of the microorganism and people have little or no acquired immunity.

Front 94

West Nile Virus

Back 94

05/12: transmitted through mosquitos. prevent from biting the humans

Front 95

Lyme Disease

Back 95

transmitted ticks (vector) know epidemic by instance of what comes in
classic bulls eye at the beginning

Front 96

TB

Back 96

on the rise. latent ( inhaled a bacillus and immune system keeps it there) vs. active (bacilli multiple and then become symptomatic).
becomes an opportunistic infection.
there is a vaccine---not used in USA. (BCG (vaccine) will make you test positive for TB)

Front 97

directly observed therapy

Back 97

HCP observe clients to ensure that they ingest each dose of anti-TB medication to maximize the likelihood of completion of therapy.

Front 98

environmental health

Back 98

branch of public health science that focuses on how the environment influences human health

Front 99

exposure

Back 99

occurs when there is contact between people and an environmental contaiminant

Front 100

precautionary principle

Back 100

if something has the potential to cause harm to the environment or human, then precautionary measures should be taken if there is a lack of scientific evidence concerning cause and effect

Front 101

exposure pathway

Back 101

how were you exposed? how can we go back to fix it?

Front 102

bioavailability

Back 102

amount of a contaminant that actually ends up in the systemic circulation

Front 103

toxicology

Back 103

study of the adverse effects of chemicals, physical, or biological agents on people, animals, and environment

Front 104

exposure estimate

Back 104

determines a person's level of exposure to a contaminant

Front 105

biomonitoring

Back 105

process of using medical tests such as blood or urine collection to determine if a person has been exposed to a contaminant and how much exposure he or she has recieved

Front 106

environmental epidemiology

Back 106

field of public health science that focuses on the incidence and prevalence of disease or illness in a population from EXPOSURES IN THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL

Front 107

environmental justice

Back 107

belief that no group of people should bear a disproportionate share of negative envrionmental health consequences regardless of race, culture, or income

Front 108

faith based nursing

Back 108

coming from a place in faith and starting with that and then going to RN. part of a chirch and they will fund a position is to take care of the church. with prevention, education, screening, counseling, etc.
person is whole: mind, body, spirit

Front 109

congregation-based model

Back 109

faith based nurse serving a PARTICUALR FAITH COMMUNITY by virture of a job description, supports the concept of faith based nurse who can be paid or serve as a volunteer

Front 110

institution based model

Back 110

the faith community nurse serves a health system with assignment to particular congregational settings, in this model, the parish or faith-based nurse serves as liaison and helps plan and coordinate care, particularly at times of transition

Front 111

school health nursing

Back 111

specialized practice of professional nursing that advances the well-being, academic success, and lifelong achievements of students

Front 112

scope of role includes (school nurse)

Back 112

administrative, educational, celerical and supportive responsibilities, health assessment, health promotion, and assessment of school health needs

Front 113

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Back 113

enacted in 1990 to protect the rights of students with disabilities by ensuing that everyone receives a free appropriate public education, regardless of ability

Front 114

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

Back 114

federal agency est. to help ensure safe and healthy working conditions by conducting scientific research, gathering info, and providing education and training in occupational safety and health

Front 115

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Back 115

federal agency that sets exposure standard and is responsible for enforcement of safety and health legislation

Front 116

Root Cause Analysis

Back 116

process fro understanding and solving a problem with the goal of determining what happened, why it happened, and what can be done to prevent its reoccurrence: what happened? why it happened? what started it?

Front 117

epidemiological studies

Back 117

the knowledge base generated through epidemiological studies is used to identify and prevent injury and disease

Front 118

mess up

Back 118

mess up