Public Health 2012: Test 2

Front 1

Foreign Animal Disease (FAD)

Back 1

An important transmissible livestock or poultry disease believed to be absent from a country

Front 2

Exotic Animal Disease

Back 2

Animal diseases which are unusual, including FADs

Front 3

Transboundary Disease

Back 3

A new term used by many international documents to describe FADs

Front 4

3 ways FADs can occur/be introduced

Back 4

1. Natural
2. Accidental
3. Intentional

Front 5

Define: Natural occurrence of FADs

Back 5

The source could be migrating birds/fish or other wildlife crossing into US territory

Front 6

Define: Accidental occurrence of FADs

Back 6

Importation of animals or animal products or other vehicles that carry the FAD organism

Front 7

Define: Intentional occurrence of FADs

Back 7

Bioterrorism

Front 8

Why is it so difficult to control FADs?

Back 8

1. Size and complexity of animal agriculture industry
2. Vast transportation systems
3. Lack of adequate biosecurity measures and surveillance
4. Inadequate training of vets in FADs
5. Little to no immunity to FADs
6. Wildlife reservoirs and vectors

Front 9

The introduction of a new disease into a naive population can have what 5 general devastating effects

Back 9

1. High morbidity
2. High mortality
3. Chronic losses in productivity
4. Ecological damage
5. Animal welfare/well-being

Front 10

2 types of economic impacts of FADs

Back 10

* Direct Costs
* Indirect Costs

Front 11

Examples of direct costs of economic impacts of FADs

Back 11

* Indemnity for killed livestock
* Equipment, manpower, and overtime

Front 12

Examples of indirect costs of economic impacts of FADs

Back 12

* Effects on domestic consumers
* Effects on international trade
* Effects on wildlife, tourism, etc.

Front 13

Describe 1 of 5 practices that you will address and implement, if warranted, to improve herd health.

Back 13

Movement of animals onto or within the farm should be limited. If movement is required, the animals should be quarantined and monitored before co-mingling with the herd.

Front 14

Describe 2 of 5 practices that you will address and implement, if warranted, to improve herd health.

Back 14

Vaccination protocols should be established. Correct dosing, route, and frequency of vaccines should be assured.

Front 15

Describe 3 of 5 practices that you will address and implement, if warranted, to improve herd health.

Back 15

Feeding regimines should be standardized to include individual feeding buckets. The animals should not be fed off the ground, and care should be taken to assure that the food is safe and free of toxins

Front 16

Describe 4 of 5 practices that you will address and implement, if warranted, to improve herd health.

Back 16

When performing pregnancy checks, the manager should assure that separate sleeves are used for each cow

Front 17

Describe 5 of 5 practices that you will address and implement, if warranted, to improve herd health.

Back 17

Manure should be disposed of and should not be allowed to accumulate especially when new animals are brought into a new pen.

Front 18

4 biosecurity practices

Back 18

1. Resist
2. Isolate
3. Traffic
4. Sanitation

Front 19

Define: The RESIST biosecurity principle

Back 19

Strive to increase the animals resistance to disease by improving health, decreasing stress, and vaccinating

Front 20

Define: The ISOLATE biosecurity principle

Back 20

Prevent transmission of disease from clinically affected and subclinically affected by quarantine of incoming animals and sick animals within the herd and separating production groups

Front 21

Define: The TRAFFIC biosecurity principle

Back 21

to prevent spread of disease via animals, people, or equipment by limiting human access to animals and controlling feral animal entrance

Front 22

Define: The SANITATION biosecurity principle

Back 22

the use of disinfectants to clean equipment and people. This can include foot baths, pressure washing equipment, and disposing of manure.

Front 23

Response to a FAD: Infected/affected zone

Back 23

* Infected premises are quarantined and depopulated

* In-contact or at-risk animals are identified and most likely depopulated

* Strict movement controls

Front 24

Response to a FAD: Buffer/Surveillance zone

Back 24

* Intense surveillance efforts needed to identify and test all susceptible animals at regular intercals
* Strict movement contrils
* Within a surveillance zone, every property will be visited and the animals examined
* SInce there is not a list of animals in the USA, this may require going door-to-door
* Disinfection and biosecurity

Front 25

Response to a FAD: Tracing

Back 25

* Identifyinf exposed and at-risk animals quickly can greatly reduce the extent of an outbreak

* The movement of infected animals through markets or sale barns may be the most critical factor contributing to extremely high outbreaks

Front 26

There is no set method for conrolling an outbreak

Back 26

Depends on the industry affected, the disease itself, and the available resources

Front 27

2 essential things for disease control

Back 27

* FLexibility and ability to make decisions at the local level

Front 28

Most outbreak responses contain a few key overlapping steps: 5 steps?

Back 28

* Detection
* Testing +/- depopulation
* Treatment
* Tracing
* Biosecurity

Front 29

What animals are susceptible to foot and mouth disease (FMD)

Back 29

all cloven-hoofed animals

Front 30

What is the most contagious viral disease of animals?

Back 30

FMD

Front 31

Incubation period of FMD

Back 31

2 to 14 days

Front 32

CS of FMD

Back 32

* Pyrexia
* Salivation
* Nasal discharge
* Vesicles (oral cavity, feet, teats, and udders)
* Acute lameness
* Chomping of jaw and grinding of teeth
* Dramatic drop in milk yield which precedes CS in dairy cows

Front 33

Morbidity and mortality of FMD?

Back 33

Morbidity: extremely high
Mortality: low

Front 34

FMD diagnosis

Back 34

* Always report when you suspect
* Tissue samples: Vesicular fluid, Epithelium covering erosion
* Lab Tests: Virus isolation, RT-PCR, Complement fixation, ELISA and Virus Neutralization

Front 35

FMD Treatment

Back 35

No treatment available

* Supportive care

Front 36

FMD Vaccination

Back 36

* No universal vaccine
* No cross protection between serotypes
* Immunity lasts about 6months
* Vaccinated animals must be permanently identified

Front 37

FMD prevention and control

Back 37

* Strict control of imported animals and products
* Regulation of garbage feeders
* Strict on-farm biosecurity
* Rapid reporting of suspects