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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pathogenicity vs virulence
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pathogenicity - capability of agent to produce disease (qualitative)
virulence - measure of degree of pathogenicity (quantitative) |
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primary source of infection
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agent came directly from infected animal and/or its bodily fluids (milk)
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secondary source infection
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agent is introduced during handling of food or food-producing animals
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True or false: Primary source infections are inherently zoonotic
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true
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2 most common agents in food-borne intoxications
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staph aureus and clostridium botulinum
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staph aureous food intoxication
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short incubation time
-dogs, cats resistant to enterotoxin -source of bacteria is food handlers -toxin is heat stable |
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don't store food between _ and _ for longer than _
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40 degrees, 140 degrees, 4 hours
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botulism
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-toxin heat stable, very potent
-short incubation period (depends on dose ingested) -3 types: wound contamination, ingestion, infant infection |
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2 main agents of foodborn infections
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Salmonella and Clostridium perfringens
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Clostridium perfringens
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-spores are everywhere
-type A toxin is mild to moderate disease -Type C toxin is necrotic gastroenteritis -short to moderate incubation time -signs: gastroenteritis, no vomiting or fever |
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Salmonella
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-gram negative, facultative intra-cellular
-Non-typhoid types are most common isolates -animals are reservoir |
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typhoid fever
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non-zoonotic disease caused by Salmonella typhi
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clinical signs of salmonella infection
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-many manifestations
-gastroenteritis, fever, vomiting -can also be asymptomatic -longer incubation time |
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species of Salmonella that can be found in uncracked eggs
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Salmonella enteriditis
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E. coli
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-many strains
-survives refrigeration and freezing -control by cooking food properly and never drinking raw milk -can be primary OR secondary contaminant |
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Enterococcus faecalis
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-intestinal inhabitant
-may be food-born pathogen -often carries antibiotic resistance genes -resistant to heat |
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Streptococcus pyogenes
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-humans are reservoir
-zoonotic -signs are high fever, sore throat |
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Bacillus cereus
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-saprophytic, spore-forming
-gram positive -short incubation time |
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Shigellosis
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Bacillary dysentery
-fecal-oral transmision -signs: bloody diarrhea, fever |
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Undulant fever
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Brucellosis (Bang's Disease in cattle)
-source is milk from infected animals -NOT meat |
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Mycobacterium bovis
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-Zoonotic
-source is aerosolized particles or unpasteurized milk |
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Tularemia
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-Francisella tularensis
-very wide host range -contracted by inhalation, ingestion, contact, or food-born (from eating meat of infected game animals) -cooking kills all organisms |
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human cholera
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-Vibrio cholera
-not zoonotic -reservoir is humans and water |
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Vibrio parahemolyticus
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-natural inhabitant of shellfish
-control with good food handling/cooking |
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Vibrio vulnificus
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-source is raw seafoods, sea water
-hepatic disease is risk factor |
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Campylobacter
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-thermophilic
-commensal in livestock -sources: water, raw milk, undercooked meat, seafood -signs: enteric or disseminated |
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Yersiniosis
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-psychrophilic, thermoduric
-source is usually undercooked pork -prevent fecal contamination and pasteurize milk |
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Listeria
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-psychophilic and thermoduric
-lives in environment -sources: milk, cheese, processed meats -very heat resistant -disease not seen in healthy adults |
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Taenia saginata
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Beef tapeworm of man
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Taenia solium
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Pork tapeworm
-autoinfecton occurs |
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Trichinosis
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common parasite in wild animals
-control by cooking -most infections are subclinical -freezing won't kill -dont feed raw garbage to swine |
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Diphyllobothrium latum
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parasite found in freshwater fish
-dont eat raw fish |
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Anisakiasis
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-larva in fish
-causes severe GI disease |
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food-born Toxoplasmosis
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-from eating raw/undercooked infected meat or food contaminated with cat feces
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Cryptosporidiosis
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-source is usually contaminated water (can also be from raw foods, milk)
-resists chlorination |
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cyclosporiasis
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Coccidial organism
-fecal-oral route |
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Giardia
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-resistant to chlorination
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norovirus
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-human reservoir
-fecal-oral, food-borne, or water-borne transmission |
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infectious hepatitis
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-can be food/water-borne, or from chimp contact
-fecal-oral transmission |
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Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
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-found normally in wild, domestic animals
-transmitted by aerosol or consumption of raw milk -long incubation time |
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ergotism
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-caused by Claviceps fungus in grains
-proper cleaning controls |
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Aflatoxin
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source is feeds (milk for humans)
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nitrates and nitrites
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nitrates can break down into carcinogens
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sulfites
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Used in processing foods
-not on salads due to allergic reactions |
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brightly colored seeds mean what?
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they've been treated with fungicidal that contains mercury
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which plants contain toxins that will be concentrated in milk?
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White snakeroot and Jimmy weed
-neurotoxin called Trematol |
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Ichthyosarcotism
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-ciguatoxin (most common food-borne chemical intoxication) - dinoflagellate
-Scombroid - spoiled fish, mimics histamine -Tetrodotoxin - puffer fish, (bacteria produce toxin) |
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Paralytic shellfish poisoning
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occurs when shellfish consume Red Tide dinoflagellates
-concentrate neurotoxin -4 clinical forms of dz |
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Drugs banned for use in food animals
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-Chloramphenicol, Clenbuterol, Diethylstilbestrol, Dimetridazole, Ipronidazole, nitrofurazones, Sulfonamides, Fluroquinolones, Glycopeptides
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Pasteurization times/temps
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145 degress F for 30 minutes
161 degrees for 15 seconds |
