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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is AIDS identified?
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1) loss of cellular immunity
2) opportunistic infections set in |
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Which opportunistic infections set in with AIDS (3)?
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1) Kaposi's Sarcoma
2) pneumonia 3) lymphoma |
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What is the infectious agent of AIDS?
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HIV (HIV-1 & HIV-2)
-retrovirus |
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What does HIV stand for?
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Which type of HIV has a slower disease progression and lower MTCT?
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HIV-2
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When is World AIDS Day?
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December 1st
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What is the purpose of World AIDS Day?
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1) Raise $
2) Raise Awareness 3) Education 4) Fight Predjudice |
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Where does HIV-2 most likely occur?
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Western Africa
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How many infections have there been worldwide since the beginning of the AIDS crisis?
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60 Million
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How many deaths have there been worldwide since the beginning of the AIDS crisis?
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25 Million
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What percentage of infections are in young people worldwide?
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40%
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What percentage of all infections worldwide are in females?
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50%
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What fraction of HIV+ people are co-infected with TB?
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1/3
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1/3 of HIV+ people are co-infected with what disease?
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TB
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What percentage of people infected with HIV receive Anti-retro viral (ARV) therapy?
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less than 50%
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What are the total # of current infections?
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33.4 million
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What are the total # of new infections/year?
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2.7 Million
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What fraction of new infections/year occur in Sub-Saharan Africa?
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2/3
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What are the total # of deaths/year?
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2.0 Million
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Of the total # of deaths/year, what fraction occur in Sub-Saharan Africa?
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3/4
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All regions have a prevalence of less than 1% except?
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Sub-Saharan Africa
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All regions, except Sub-Saharan Africa & Caribbeans have a prevalence rate of what percent?
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1%
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What is the prevalence rate in Sub-Saharan Africa?
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5%
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What % of those infected in Sub-Saharan Africa are Women?
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60%
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What mutation is developed in Africans that increase their susceptibility to HIV?
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Mutation against Malaria
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The mutation against malaria acquired by Africans increases their susceptibility to HIV by how much?
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40%
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How many Africans carry the mutation against malaria?
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90%
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Malarial mutation has contributed to what percentage of AIDS burden in Africa?
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11%
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What is the prevalence of AIDS in the Caribbean?
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1%
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What is one of the top 5 causes of death in females & males in the Caribbean?
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AIDS
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AIDS is one of the top 5 causes of death in females and males in which region of the world?
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Caribbean
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In Asia, 1/2 of all AIDS cases occur in which country?
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India
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In Asia, what fraction of AIDS cases occur in India?
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1/2
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In Asia, what is the only country with prevalence over 1%?
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Thailand
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What is the prevalence in Thailand?
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OVER 1%
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In Asia, which country reports a low # of cases because it is stigmatized?
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China
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What drives the high prevalence of AIDS in Eastern Europe & Central Asia?
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Injected drug use
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In Eastern Europe & Asia, which regions have a high number of cases?
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Russian Federation
& Ukraine |
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The epidemic is stable in which areas?
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1) Latin America
2) North America 3) Western Europe |
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There have been a decrease in the # of deaths from AIDS in which regions?
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1) Western Europe
2) North America |
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Which region has a high number of cases?
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Western Europe
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What is the prevalence of AIDS in the Middle East?
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unknown
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What is the prevalence of AIDS in Oceania?
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low, especially in Australia
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Prevalence of AIDS in the US?
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0.6%
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How many cases are there in the US?
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1.1 Million
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How many new infections/yr are there in the US?
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56,000
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What % of Americans are infected but are UNAWARE of it?
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20%
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1/2 of new infections in the US are in?
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MSM (men who have sex with men)
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What fraction of new infections in the US are in MSM?
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1/2
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What ratio of Americans are black?
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1 in 8
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What ratio of Americans that are HIV+ are Black?
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1 in 2
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Why are Blacks more likely to become infected by HIV in America?
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1) poverty
2) education level 3) malarial mutation |
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What percentage of African Americans hve the malarial mutation?
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40%
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What are the modes of transmission?
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1) sexual contact
2) sharing needles 3) bodily fluids 4) MTCT (mother to child) a) transplacental b) breast milk c) perinatal |
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What increases susceptibilty for getting AIDS?
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1) having malarial mutation
2) having an STD 3) having a foreskin |
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Is AIDS reportable?
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yes
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Treatment and Control for AIDS?
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1)Anti-viral Therapy (ARVs), especially to pregnant females
2)safe sex 3) clean needles 4) test blood supply |
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Who first saw men with an unknown syndrome?
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Dr. Michael Gottlieb
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Where and when did Dr. Michael Gottlieb first see men with an unknown syndrom?
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January 1981 in Los Angeles
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Which publication first published findings of what was later to be identified as "GRID"?
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MMWR
(Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report) |
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When were the findings of "GRID" first published in the MMWR?
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June 1981
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What did GRID stand for?
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Gay Related Immune Deficiency
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Which 2 diseases were seen most often with GRID?
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1) Kaposi Sarcoma
2) Pneumocystic Pneumonia (PCP) |
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Why were AIDS patients discriminated against?
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Gay men and injection drug users were unacceptable in society and they were the individuals more likely to have AIDS.
Why should our tax $ go to them when it's killing the right people. Violating rights of God. |
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How did the CDC determine that AIDS was a virus?
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only particle small enough to get thru the filter of blood to make Factor VIII.
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Blood bankers were resistant to the notion that the blood supply was tainted - why?
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They had no proof. Evidence was weak and early.
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Who was the president when AIDS broke out?
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President Ronald Reagan
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What was the president's mandate when he won office?
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To cut government activities budget of CDC.
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The CDC budget was mandated to be cut by how much under Margaret Heckler?
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25%
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How did the CDC budget cut under Margaret Heckler affect the AIDS issue?
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For the 1st two years, AIDS had nothing.
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Who cut the CDC budget?
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Margaret Heckler
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What did the team of CDC scientists see in the Congo during their visit in 1983?
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They found patients suffering from AIDS. It was an epidemic in the heterosexual population.
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What was the reaction from the officials in the Department of Health when the team of CDC scientists explained what they saw in the Congo during their visit in 1983?
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Reaction was shocked with how many were infected with AIDS and were shocked knowing that the majority of the population were heterosexuals. They thought that couldn't be right, and that there must be another explanation.
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List 3 ways that AIDS got from the Congo to the US and Europe?
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1) Europeans living there
2) Congo people leaving 3) Haitians went there to teach |
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How did AIDS get to Haiti?
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From homosexual men from America.
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How was AIDS spread once in Haiti?
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From blood transfusions
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AIDS was called the most political disease - how did that affect how public health officials dealt with the gay community and public health policy?
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Closed down bath-houses in San Francisco. They should have closed them, but everyone got upset, so they reopened them.
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Who believed that AIDS was related to HTLV that he had previously isolated?
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Dr. Robert Gallo
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Dr. Robert Gallo believed that AIDS was related to which virus that he had previously isolated?
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Retrovirus (HTLV Type 1 & 2) for Leukemia
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To which family did the HTLV virus for leukemia belong to?
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Retrovirus
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In 1983, the virus which causes AIDS was first photographed from a biopsy of an infected lymph node. Where did this occur?
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Pasteur Institute in Paris, France in January 1983
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Why was the photograph of the AIDS virus significant?
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There was cell death in the culture, but didn't know the cause. When they added more cells (WBCs) it was fine.
1st photo of HIV! |
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How did AIDS evolve in the Congo?
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Hunting and gathering:
Contact w/infected chipanzees they killed. |
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When did the first transmission event of AIDS occur?
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1959 in Congo
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How then did AIDS spread in the Congo?
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-mutation of chimp virus (Simeon--->SIV) and it spread thru peaple.
-spread thru sexual promiscuity and needles |
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Robert Gallo received official credit for the discovery of HIV in what year?
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-a year after the French discovered the virus
1984 |
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By the time the 1st person was diagnosed with AIDS, how many Americans were already infected?
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250,000
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By the time the 1st hemophiliac was diagnosed with AIDS, what % of the American hemophiliac community was already infected?
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1/2 population
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Why was Rock Hudson's death so significant?
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Huge heart-throb movie star
1st well-known, famous person who had AIDS |
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Why was vaccine development resulteing in failure?
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HIV hides most of itself behind a layer of sugar that our bodies produce.
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By 1985 where were most of the global infections?
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Africa
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What were the 2 main reasons AIDS was stigmatized in Uganda?
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1) STD----> sex is taboo
2) info that HIV is linked to homosexuality which is stigmatized there |
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The Global Program on AIDS was launched in 1987 - who led the program?
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Dr. Jonathan Mann
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In what year was the Global Program on AIDs launched?
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1987
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Dr. Jonathan Mann led the Global Program on AIDS. To which agency did he belong?
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WHO in Geneva, Switzerland
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Noraine Kaleeba established a Ugandan grassroots organization called TASO - what does this stand for?
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The AIDS Support Organization
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Who established TASO?
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Noreine Kaleeba
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What was the Ugandan grassroots organization established by Noreine Kaleeba?
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TASO
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Which Ugandan president initiated AIDS prevention measures?
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Yoweri Muserveni
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What was the ABC method used in Uganda?
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Abstinence
Be faithful Condoms |
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Where was the ABC method used?
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Uganda
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In Thailand, how was AIDS initially transmitted?
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1985
Heroin and Bangkok's sex district |
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How did the amnesty release of prisoners in Thailand affect the AIDs rate?
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released many men with AIDS into the public
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What impact did the condom campaign have in Thailand?
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Reduced HIV among sex workers by 90% over a decade.
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The condom campaign reduced HIV by what % in Thailand?
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90%
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How was AIDS spreading thru the U.K.?
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heroin needles (IV drug use)
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How did officials deal with the problem in the U.K?
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provided clean needles
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What did Jesse Helms push for in the Senate due to the gay men's health brochure?
Is this result still the law of the land? |
Ban on any AIDS material that promotes homosexual behavior.
Passed by vote 94 to 2 and is still the law today. |
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With what funding was AZT developed?
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Developed with public $
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Why was the prive of AZT so high?
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the government took over and priced it (started funding it)
pharmaceutical company got the patent for it. |
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Why did the price of AZT get lowered?
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due to a boycott/demonstrating
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Why was AZT not ultimately successful in treating AIDS?
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HIV virus was not totally knocked out and became resistant to it.
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What year did President Reagan first address the AIDS issue?
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1987
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Was President Reagan's speach on addressing AIDS a success?
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No, because he talked about making AIDS reportable and people thought this was counterproductive to AIDS education.
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What happened to the AIDS program when Jonathan Mann left the WHO?
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immediate impact: little activity continued and most workers left
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What replaced the AIDS program when Jonathan Mann left the WHO?
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UN AIDS
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How did AIDS explode in South Africa?
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-no education
-sex workers |
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When Nelson Mandela was released from prison, what % of the population of South Africans was affected?
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1990
1% of S. African adults were HIV+ |
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Why did Nelson Mandela not address the AIDS issue?
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He had a huge job to save the country.
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To whom did Nelson Mandela delegate the issue of AIDS to?
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Thabo Mbeki
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How did Bill Clinton deal with AIDS in the US?
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said he was going to help AIDS, but politics got in the way and he didn't accomplish anything.
He provied "lip service". |
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What did David Ho discover in relationi to AIDS?
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-people assumed virus laid dormant in the past, but Ho discovered it's a dynamic drug and replicates and mutated by the billions.
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How did David Ho deal with the problem of drug resistance?
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-he discovered AIDS could develop drug resistance when given one drug at a time, but when you bombarded it with many drugs at once, it wouldn't do that.
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What year did researchers announce the development of ARVs?
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1996
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How did Brazil become the 1st country to guarantee ARVs to every citizen?
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a woman sued the government because health was their constitutional right.
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In 1999, Thabo Mbeki succeeded Nelson Mandela as President of South Africa. He denied that HIV caused AIDS and that ARVs helped fight AIDS. From whom did he get these notions?
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Peter Duesber ("denialist")
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In what year did Thabo Mbeki succeed Nelson Mandela as president of S. Africa?
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1999
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What regulations did Mbeki enact regarding AZT and the triple cocktail? How did this affect the rich vs poor?
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-banned them from government hospitals...stated they were TOXIC
-rich ppl could pay extra to get them |
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By 1999, how many adults were infected in South Africa?
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1 in 5
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How did the black community in NYC deal with AIDS?
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->350 churches in Harlem ignored and stigmatized AIDS
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Needle exchange programs had been shown to work - why were they not enacted in the US?
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drugs are illegal, so they didn't want to handout free utensils to use these drugs
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How was AIDS spreading thru Russia?
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Cheap heroin
-paid for this habit w/sex -it was popular |
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How did AIDS spread into India and China?
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sex trade
drugs blood plasma programs |
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How many people had died of AIDS by the end of the 1990s?
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20 million
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The 1st AIDS conference held in Africa held in Durban South Africa in 2000. President Mbeki spoke at the conference and claimed AIDS was not caused by HIV, but by what?
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Poverty
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Why did pharmaceutical companies claim they needed high prices for their drugs?
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funds for research
protection of intellectual property |
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What was the Global Fund?
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-a plan to make AIDS drugs free for people
-by Anon -but not enough doctors to administer drugs and would the infrastructure support it |
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Who framed AIDS as a missionary opportunity?
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Franklin Graham
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How did Bono interview and change the mind of Jesse Helms?
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-used Biblical passages to show what Jesus would have done
-Matthew 23 |
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How much did President Bush budget for AIDS in Africa from 2003-2008?
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$15 Billion over the next 5 years
Global Fund only received $1 Billion of Funds |
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What does PEPFAR stand for?
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President's Emergency Program For AIDS Relief
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Which disease caused the Chinese to realize that AIDS was indeed a threat?
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SARS
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Why did SARS cause the Chines to realize that AIDS was indeed a threat?
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disease can affect economic and social development, national security and development.
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How did PEPFAR's requirement that 1/3 of prevention money to be spent on abstinence only affect Uganda?
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decreased discussion of condoms
less education and increase spread of disease # of infections have increased since PEPFAR |
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What were PEPFARs restrictions that caused Brazil to not accept $40 million from the US?
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PEPFAR did not want to cover prostitutes.
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How did South Africans receive the right to get access to ARVs?
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Government was sued and courts ruled that the government could not deny their ppl AIDS treatment.
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How was AIDS spread in India?
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sex workers and their clients (i.e. truck workers)
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Why does "abstinence only" not protect females?
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-poverty can lead to prostitution
-married ppl; spouse may have it -violence --- Rape |
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Why is a vaccine not likely in our future?
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HIV is constantly changing and mutating and it does so rapidly.
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How is India combating spread of the disease?
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Teach truck drivers about safe sex.
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How did Brazil become the 1st country to guarantee ARVs to every citizen?
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a woman sued the government because health was their constitutional right.
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In 1999, Thabo Mbeki succeeded Nelson Mandela as President of South Africa. He denied that HIV caused AIDS and that ARVs helped fight AIDS. From whom did he get these notions?
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Peter Duesber ("denialist")
|
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In what year did Thabo Mbeki succeed Nelson Mandela as president of S. Africa?
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1999
|
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What regulations did Mbeki enact regarding AZT and the triple cocktail? How did this affect the rich vs poor?
|
-banned them from government hospitals...stated they were TOXIC
-rich ppl could pay extra to get them |
|
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By 1999, how many adults were infected in South Africa?
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1 in 5
|
|
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How did the black community in NYC deal with AIDS?
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->350 churches in Harlem ignored and stigmatized AIDS
|
|
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Needle exchange programs had been shown to work - why were they not enacted in the US?
|
drugs are illegal, so they didn't want to handout free utensils to use these drugs
|
|
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How was AIDS spreading thru Russia?
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Cheap heroin
-paid for this habit w/sex -it was popular |
|
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How did AIDS spread into India and China?
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sex trade
drugs blood plasma programs |
|
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How many people had died of AIDS by the end of the 1990s?
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20 million
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