Public Comm-Ness

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anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front an audience

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stage fright

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a hormone release into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress

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adrenaline

Front 3

controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation

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positive nervousness

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mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation

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visualization

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focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among the ideas the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion

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critical thinking

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the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener

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speaker

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whatever a speaker communicates to someone else

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message

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the means by which a message is communicated

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channel

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the person who receives the speaker's message

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listener

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the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. no 2 people have exactly the same of this

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frame of reference

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the messages, usually non verbal, sent from a listener to a speaker

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feedback

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anything that impedes the communication of a message. interference can be external or internal to listeners

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interference

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the time and place in which speech communication occurs

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situation

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the belief that one's own culture or group is superior to all other groups or cultures

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ethnocentrism

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the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

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ethics

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weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards

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ethical decisions

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the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups

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name-calling

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the first ten amendments of the constitution

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Bill of Rights

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representing another person's language or ideas as one's own

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plagiarism

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stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

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global plagiarism

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stealing ideas or language from 2 or 3 sources and passing them off as one's own

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patchwork plagiarism

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failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech borrowed from other people

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incremental plagiarism

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to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words

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paraphrase

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the vibration of sounds waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain

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hearing

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paying close attention to and making sense of what we hear

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listening

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listening for pleasure or for enjoyment

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appreciative listening

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listening to provide emotional support for a speaker

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empathic listening

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listening to understand the message of a speaker

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comprehensive listening

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listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it

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critical listening

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the difference between the rate which most people talk and the rate at which the brain can process language

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spare "brain time"

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giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view

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active listening

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an outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporing evidence in rough outline form

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key word outline

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the subject of a speech

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topic

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a method of generating ideas for speech topics by which free association of words or ideas

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brainstorming

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the broad goal of a speech

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general purpose

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a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech

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specific purpose

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a one sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech

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central idea

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what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech

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residual message

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keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation

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audience centeredness

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a process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common, values, goals, and experiences

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(i)dentification

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the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well being

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egocentrism

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a type of evaluation that focuses on factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background

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demographic audience analysis

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creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike

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stereotyping

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an evaluation that focuses on factors such as the size of the audience, the physical-setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker and the occasion

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situational audience analysis

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a frame of mind in favor or opposed to a sperson, policy , being, institution, etc.

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attitude

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questions that offer a fixed choice between 2 or more alternatives

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fixed alternative questions

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questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers

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scale questions

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questions that allow respondents to answer, however they want

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open ended questions

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putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience

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strategic organization

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the major points in the body of a speech, most speeches contain from 2-5 main points

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main points

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a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

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chronological order

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a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

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spatial order

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a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause effect relationship

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causal order

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a method of speech in which the first main points deal witht he existence of a problem and the second point is a solution to the problem

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problem-solution order

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a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

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topical order

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the materials used to support a speaker's ideas, the three major kinds of supporting materials are examples (statistics and testimony)

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supporting materials

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a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them

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connective

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a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one though and is moving on to another

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transition

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a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

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internal preview

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a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points

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internal summary

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a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses on the attention of key ideas

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signpost

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a question that the audience answers mentally rather than outloud

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rhetorical question

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the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

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credibility

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the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind

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goodwill

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a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body of the speech

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preview statement

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a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity

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crescendo ending

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a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

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dissolve ending

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a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and biography of a speech

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preparation outline

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the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas

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visual framework

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a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech

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bibliography

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a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech

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speaking outline

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directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech

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delivery cues